Thursday, February 21, 2019
Leonardo vs. Michelangelo
da Vinci versus Michel non much(prenominal)o Violet Jane Greeley artistic creation Appreciation ART 101 Carrie Ann Wills November 13, 2012 Da Vinci versus Michelangelo da Vinci da Vinci and Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Sim matchless shargond some(prenominal) similarities. Both were painters, sculptors, and poets. They some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) had a tendency to leave their naturalises in lie with. Both deviceists quickly surpassed the talents of their instructors and achieved fame with ease. In addition, both operatives were k promptlyn to have studied general anatomy by dissecting human cadavers (Bambach, 2002) .Together they educate up two thirds of the spiritual rebirths deuce-ace largeest tasteful minds of each(prenominal) genearned run averagetion, the some early(a) being Raphael. In this paper, I will stolon off give a brief biography of each artist, then equate and contrast three gain ats of art by Leonardo with three whole kit of art by Michelangelo, followed by a preaching on how each artist made their own personal yield on the world of art in Italy and europium during the 16th degree Celsius, and provide encouraging examples. Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452 and passed away on May 1, 1519 (Helicon, 2005) .Leonardos first characterization and sculpting instructor was Andrea del Verrocchio, with whom he was articled to and regular(a) surpassed in skill (Vasari, 2006) . During his apprenticeship to Verrocchio, Leonardo excelled at many skills including photograph, sculpting, architecture, engineering, and mathematics (Vasari, 2006) . Still further, he studied subjects such(prenominal) as botany, geology, geography, zoology, anatomy, hydraulics and mechanics (Kleiner, 2010) .Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475 and passed away on February 18, 1565 (Jacobs, 1968) . When Michelangelo was fourteen eld superannuated, he was apprenticed to Domenico Ghirlandajo in April, 1488 (Vasari, 2006) (Gombrich, 1995) . Before long, Michelangelo excelled in his aesthetic top executive, surpassed his fellow apprentices, and at convictions even rivaled his masters abilities (Vasari, 2006) . Addition all toldy, he achieved exemplary skills in architecture, poetry, and engineering, to a greater extent everywhere was most fond of sculpting above all else (Kleiner, 2010) .Although Michelangelo wasnt apparently influenced by Ghirlandajo in artistic modes or styles, his attitude and behavior reflected that of his master more prominently by his frequent displays of vigorous work ethics and an fervent temperament (Gombrich, 1995) . While under the caution of Ghirlandajo, Michelangelo care in effect(p)y analyzed old and new artists and their techniques. These include but werent limited to Giotto, Masaccio, Donatello, Ghiberti, Benedetto da Majano, Mino da Fiesole, Antonio Rossellino and Jacopo della Quercia Rolland (Rolland, 1921) .Florentines whose influence can be seen in Mich elangelos works are Giotto and Masaccio (Kleiner, 2010) . A year after his apprenticeship to Ghirlandajo, he was excessively introduced to Bertoldo di Giovanni (who was himself once a student of Donatello) through Lorenzo the Magnificent, and was instructed on the art of sculpture in the tend of Medici as well as being influenced by Lorenzo de Medici (Kleiner, 2010) (Rolland, 1921) .His certain look in joining with Giovanni was to net income experience with the tradition of Donatello and to heighten his knowledge of antiquities, but the most precious asset Michelangelo acquired from Giovanni was access to and the friendship of the Medici family (Rolland, 1921) . From 1492 to 1494, Michelangelo obtained an ludicrous opportunity to study anatomy in the hospital which was adjoined to San Spirito (Nickerson, 2008) . Vasari stressed the vastness of studying antique forms and the significance of such in the work of all of the most highly regarded master artists in the High Renaissance era (Johnson, 2000) .Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo were no exceptions to this rule, and Michelangelo especially applied himself in that aspect (Johnson, 2000) . Leonardo was a major contributor to the art world in the late fifteenth and early 16th centuries and a predecessor of many some other artistic marvels including Raphael and Michelangelo. Here I will discuss St. Jerome in the Wilderness, The Last Supper, and Mona Lisa. St. Jerome in the Wilderness was begun in 1480 and is wiz of many of Leonardos unfattened products (Classics, 2012) . St.Jerome resides in the Vatican Museums in Rome (Classics, 2012) . St. Jerome withdrew from society into the Syrian Desert and became a recluse (Classics, 2012) . The paint illustrates a far off crucifix on the right side of the picture and St. Jerome kneeling down all the man fixing his eyes on the distant crucifix (Classics, 2012) . A rocknroll can be seen in St. Jeromes hand and a king of beasts is neighborin g by (Classics, 2012) . The rock symbolizes the object with which St. Jerome uses to punish himself for the purposes of atonement (Classics, 2012) .The social lion is indicative of the companion St. Jerome acquired after healing an injury to the lions paw. A primordials hat together with the lion and the stone are joint traits associated with St. Jerome. Also on the right is a church between the rocks, the cosmea of which could indicate St. Jeromes Doctoral position (Classics, 2012) . Leonardo used a fresh, new technique in attitude St. Jerome in a disproportional way so that his haoma was vastly different than that of the lion (Classics, 2012) .Through the act of snip, this painting has endured separation and the process of reassembly (Classics, 2012) . The Last Supper came into creation fountain in 1495, was improved upon in sporadic periods, and was finished it in its entireness in 1498 (Classics, 2012) . Duke Ludovico Sforza and Duchess Beatrice dEste equip Th e Last Supper who wanted it to be the c come charm for the Sforza family mausoleum (Classics, 2012) . until now, the painting now serves as the wall covering for the dining dormitory room in the monastery Santa Maria del Grazie (Classics, 2012) .The Last Supper was an elaborately incidented repre directation of savior life as it neared its end in the Gospel of John chapter 13 rhythm 21. Jesus revealed his awareness of the upcoming betrayal from within his love life discipleship as the Bible described the scene in the book of Matthew chapter 26, verse 21 (Kleiner, 2010) . The re go throughs of the disciples ranged in varying degrees of outrage, shock, horror, grief, and disbelief as continued in the book of Matthew chapter 26, verse 22 (Kleiner, 2010) .Another reference to Biblical doctrine include in the painting was the initiation of the Eucharist in the book of Luke chapter 22, verses 19 through 20 (Kleiner, 2010) . In the painting, Judas was clearly stunned at the res olve of his plot (Classics, 2012) . In a state of reservation, he was grasping the gold purse containing the silver which had been obtained in trade for the betrayal (Classics, 2012) . Some observers of the painting argue that the purse could also be suggestive of Judas status as treasurer of the group as well (Classics, 2012) .Close observers may take credit line of Judas tipping over the salt shaker, which may be a cleverly masked reference to a phrase which signifies the betrayal of a master (Classics, 2012) . whoreson appeared to be perturbed all the plot of ground wielding a knife this could have been a deliberate inclusion of the painting in order to give observers a sense of foreboding, a reminder of the violence to come in the thick of Jesus being arrested (Classics, 2012) . John was painted in a look portraying him in the throes of a fainting spell (Classics, 2012) .As was comm sole(prenominal) setd at the time, Leonardo positioned all of the disciples and Jesu s on one side of the display panel for the purpose of being able to see them all (Classics, 2012) . Some other painters during later periods of time occasionally separated Judas from the other disciples by each seating him on the opposing side of the table or by neglecting to give him a halo like the others in the painting, an obvious character of his fall from grace (Classics, 2012) . Rather than denoting Judas in that way, Leonardo uses the shadows as a safe haven for the villain to conceal his own guilt in (Classics, 2012) .Jesus could be seen in the painting as he checked toward the bread and persisted in foretelling pending events by stating that the traitor would break of the bread at the same time with himself as is suggested in the book of Luke chapter 22, verse 21 (Classics, 2012) . Judas reached for the bread as predicted because he was distracted by the conversation between John and rotating shaft (Classics, 2012) . In this painting, the artist used a definitiv e method of manipulating the inflammation which in turn naturally brought the observers eyes to the central focal point of the painting behind Jesus head (Classics, 2012) .Because Leonardo used an secondary method of painting, The Last Supper rapidly began deteriorating (Classics, 2012) . Although efforts have been made to maintain its integrity, the type of the painting has suffered substantially (Classics, 2012) . The deterioration so compromised the painting it can only be speculated upon that Leonardo originally int cease for the positioning of Jesus feet to be suggestive of the forthcoming crucifixion (Classics, 2012) .Its quite apparent in this art piece that Leonardo did large research with the help of models and close observational skills to shit a psychologically provocative and ocularly engaging scene (Classics, 2012) . Mona Lisa otherwise known as La Gioconda was a depicting conceived in about 1503 and was completed in 1519 (Classics, 2012) . The commissioni ng was initiated by the adult female in the painting, Lisa del Gioconda and her husband who was a prosperous silk merchant in Florence (Classics, 2012) .In the lineage of its existence, Mona Lisa may have been housed at Chateau Fontainebleau, but was then re fit(p) to the castle of Versailles, then to the Louvre where it remains to this day (Classics, 2012) . No other work of art in the world is more celebrated than Mona Lisa (Classics, 2012) . Lisa del Gioconda was a fragment of the Gherardini family, who were prominent Florentines (Classics, 2012) . The painting of this portrait was motivated by the acquisition of the braces new residence as well as in celebration of their second son having been born (Classics, 2012) .Factors that aided in the procession of this portrait gaining such colossal fame were the vague facial recordion, the delicate method of painting the shapes, and the enormity of the composition (Classics, 2012) . In creating the Mona Lisa, Leonardo used a pyramid shape as a basis of effortlessly positioning the subject into the space permitted, with her hands folded demurely taking the shape of the obverse watershed (Classics, 2012) . The lighting of the portrait gently caressed her in various places including her breast, hands, neck, and fount, giving the painting added fundamental dimensions (Classics, 2012) .Lisa held an erect posture, and her fixed stare was another distinct trace that gave the portrait its signature quality. The darker elements of the painting such as Lisas cop and veil along with the encompassing shadows help to add radiance to her face that might otherwise have been less noticeable (Classics, 2012) . Leonardos absence of outlining particular facial features enhanced the liveliness of the subject. As was natural of Leonardo, the comprehensive landscape, the general calmness, theatrical use of lighting and shadows, and the obscure outlining all contributed to this masterpiece (Classics, 2012) .Its im portant to note the background contained a visual illusion in that one side was significantly higher than the other which would be unfeasible in reality (Classics, 2012) . However because of the discrepancy, Lisa seemed to move or smile if the viewers eyes shifted from one side to the other (Classics, 2012) . The painting survived a number of attacks over a period of time including theft, an battery-acid spill, stone throwing, and other such mishaps, but has been minimally damaged and on occasion repaired (Classics, 2012) .Michelangelo created many great works in his time, and in lodge with Leonardo and Raphael defined the artistic era of the Renaissance. I will heighten on two of his statues The Pieta and David, and one of his paintings The Last perspicaciousness. Before discussing Michelangelos statues, Id like to restate that hed previously gained extensive knowledge of human anatomy by secretly dissecting cadavers, which aided his ability to create accurate portrayals of h uman physique while sculpting and painting (Hartt, 1989) .Since this practice was illegal as well as being considered morally mist behavior, having done so put him at an advantage over many other artists (Hartt, 1989) . Work on the Pieta, a life-size statue made of marble was set into motion in between 1498 and 1499 and reached its fruition in 1500 (Kleiner, 2010) . It was the cut cardinal, Jean de Bilheres Lagraulas who equip the Pieta to be done so that it might enhance the port of the chapel in apotheosis Peters where he was intended to be buried (Kleiner, 2010) .This statue, his first masterpiece was a representation of bloody shame place Jesus after his crucifixion (Kleiner, 2010) . Controversy surrounded this work of art regarding Marys appearance of being younger than Jesus (Kleiner, 2010) . However the artist was able to portray Marys loveliness as well as her grief in an intensely vivid room (Kleiner, 2010) . The artists intent in portraying such young in Mary was that hed been attempting to use that feature as a method of defining Marys purity.As a extend of the youthful and tranquil appearance portrayed in the Pieta, Michelangelos statue was quaint in comparison to other artists portrayals of the same scene in which their Mary was much older and broken-hearted. Michelangelo created such contingented imagery that the Pieta quite visibly displayed a variety of textures including hair, fabric, and flesh (Kleiner, 2010) . This particular piece of artistry in addition to David has been replicated by numerous other painters and sculptors.Its been said that Michelangelo wasnt initially in the habit of signing any of his pieces of artistry. However, upon hearing observers crediting other artists with his accomplishment he began doing so with the Pieta. The Pieta originally was destined to occupy Saint Peters Basilica in Vatican City, however it is now located in the church which took the place of Saint Peters (Kleiner, 2010) . Michelangel os David wasnt the first statue of the biblical hero, but it was the most impressive one which has ever been created thus far (Kleiner, 2010) .David was a popular biblical stem about a young shepherd boy purportedly the underdog who volunteered to enter into battle with a much larger adversary (Lee, 2004) . In this story, David disappointed his enemy with a slingshot, his skill, and his courage as the only weapons at hand, without even being protected with armor (Lee, 2004) . Upon his return to Florence in 1501, Michelangelo received a warm reception regardless of his previous association with the Medici family (Kleiner, 2010) . He began sculpting David now and completed this work in 1504 (Kleiner, 2010) .Donatello and Verrocchio both had previously created statues of David however strange Michelangelo, theirs were symbolic of the hero after his battle with Goliath (Kleiner, 2010) . Michelangelo created his personification of David to represent the events prior to the battl e with Goliath (Kleiner, 2010) . He used Davids anatomy to imbue strength, anticipation, and reserved energy (Kleiner, 2010) . He even added the minute detail of engorged veins to emit a sense of the physical process of an epinephrin rush and the psyche which accompanies it (Kleiner, 2010) .Davids facial expression was indicative of having already decided to do battle, but not yet having completed the task. distinctly it was Michelangelos intent to portray David in the very moment in which the slingshot was about to be raised (Nickerson, 2008) . Michelangelos David possesses a moving connection with an imperceptible presence (Kleiner, 2010) . It was unlike any other because of its boilers suit size and slender physique, and to this day can be surpassed only by Michelangelos Pieta.Upon completion, this masterpiece further solidified Michelangelos write up as a master sculptor and artist in all of Italy (Nickerson, 2008) . David is now located in Florence, and stands at an impressive fourteen feet high (Hartt, 1989) . Michelangelos knowledge of anatomy, balance, and proportion are prevalent, along with an aura of superhuman sizeableness (Hartt, 1989) . David is but one example of Michelangelos personality which exemplified divine public (Hartt, 1989) . Divine humanity represented developing values in the Renaissance era (Hartt, 1989) .The Renaissance began a movement away from centuries of curb over human affairs on the part of the church and a take of humanistic values of the contemporary world (Hartt, 1989) . It was firmly held by Michelangelo that the human body was the living embodiment of Gods divine federal agency (Hartt, 1989) . He successfully articulated man in its ultimately desperate status in creating his David sculpture (Lee, 2004) . The spiritual closeness Michelangelo held to was in drive contrast with the scientific approach of Leonardo (Hartt, 1989) .Michelangelo began painting The Last assessment in 1536 and completed it in 1541 (Kleiner, 2010) . In the midst of his work, the counter-reformation was in full force (Kleiner, 2010) . An important issue affecting the world of art was the difference of opinion in religious beliefs between the Catholics and the Protestants (Kleiner, 2010) . The Catholics valued fine art for its power to rig the people toward piety (Kleiner, 2010) . Protestants, on the other hand found artwork to promote idolatry and distr perform (Kleiner, 2010) .To alleviate controversy regarding this issue, the Catholic church reached an agreement that images should be visually and theologically unambiguous (Kleiner, 2010) . The uproar of the counter-reformation was implemental in Michelangelos decision to paint the altarpiece of the Sistine Chapel, The Last judging as a way of depicting the controversial times. The central figure of the altarpiece was the Lord, and all around the Christ figure were nudes. God was the pertinacious authority over his human subjects, and p hysically gestured his intent to utterly uproot humanity (Kleiner, 2010) .Its quite clear that the Lord had complete control over the destiny of all of the spirits around him. The Heavenly hosts emanated their unease, while angels trumpeted, and the Lord discerned between the just who ascended to Heaven and the damned who were thrown into the pits of hellhole (Kleiner, 2010) . Michelangelo further purveyed horror by including rising dead figures and demons provoking great suffering and agony upon the damned souls (Kleiner, 2010) . Other known figures which complement this masterpiece were Saint Bartholomew and who was either the good thief or St. Andrew (Kleiner, 2010) .The works of da Vinci and Buonarroti significantly influenced the world of art in the 16th century in Italy and Europe in numerous ways. The two artists shared many similarities in talent and scope of knowledge however it was their individual uniqueness that overdone their works to the status of masterpieces in their lifetimes and beyond. In 1476, Leonardo was permitted to paint an angel in Verrocchios Baptism of Christ, in which he impressed his master with his brilliant display of talent (Jacobs, 1968) . By that point in time, hed already been elected to be a painter into the painters guild (Jacobs, 1968) .Other contemporaries alongside Leonardo under Verrocchios tutelage included such notable artists as Perugino and Lorenzo di Credi (Johnson, 2000) . By the year 1481, Leonardos talent was known all over Italy, and he was commissioned by the Saint Donato monastery to paint their altarpiece which is now known as The Adoration of the Kings (Jacobs, 1968) . However as was Leonardos tendency, he miss to complete the altarpiece and sought employment with Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (Jacobs, 1968) . His first work for the Duke was to create a statue of Ludovicos father.Approximately in 1496, Leonardo began planning and painting his famous Last Supper located in the Santa Maria delle Grazie, which took about two years to complete (Jacobs, 1968) . Around the year 1500, he created the painting known as The Battle of Anghiari, and soon after embarked on his most famous work, Mona Lisa (Jacobs, 1968) . Francois I was among the first patrons to passionately support the coming of the Renaissance to France and commissioned Leonardo to work around the year 1516 along with other prominent figures such as Rosso Fiorentino (Johnson, 2000) .Following this event, he then created two more paintings for the French viceroy in Milan, The Virgin of the Rocks, and Saint Anne with the Virgin and the Infant Christ that ended up being his last masterpieces (Jacobs, 1968) . Almost two centuries later, another artist known as Diego Velazquez would use similar painting techniques to Leonardo in which he wasnt as concerned with every minute detail of a subjects being so much as capturing their characteristic impressions (Gombrich, 1995) .Leonardo was also the mastermind of a device known as sfumato which was used by many other artists who followed him even centuries later in order to pommel the problem of naturalism and perspective creating a rigid and wooden appearance on the subjects of the paintings (Gombrich, 1995) . Unfortunately, another problem arose which this technique could not accommodate. The shadows used by Leonardo didnt naturally occur in the light of day, thereof Impressionist artists had to resort to blurring some aspects of their painting to prevail over the plight (Gombrich, 1995) .Michelangelo learned the fresco technique from his original instructor, Ghirlandaio (Jacobs, 1968) . Later on, he was sent to the Medici Garden where he learned from Bertoldo di Giovanni (Jacobs, 1968) . While in the presence of the Medici family, Lorenzo de Medici encourage Michelangelo to involve himself in conversations with many of the most renowned men of the time (Jacobs, 1968) . He achieved recognition for his talent in approximately 1492 when he constructed his first masterpiece The Battle of the Centaurs, which was a marble relief (Johnson, 2000) .This statue remains plain as are many of Michelangelos works of art. By 1499, Michelangelo succeeded in creating a superb statue known as Pieta, which was completed in 1499 and caused him to gain world-wide recognition (Jacobs, 1968) . In the beside few years, he occupied his time by creating a statue of David, in the Accademia, Florence (Jacobs, 1968) (Johnson, 2000) . Michelangelos depiction of David dwarfed those of Donatello and Verrocchio in ability, and talent. His next project, the tomb of Pope Julius II was to be the longest lasting one of his life, taking a full forty years to complete (Jacobs, 1968) .One statue included in this great endeavor is Moses, arguably the most excellent work exhibited by this particular sculptor (Johnson, 2000) . The tomb also includes The Atlas slave (incomplete), The Dying Slave, and a statue of Lorenzo de Medici, along with two su pporting nudes below (Johnson, 2000) . In the midst of his work on the tomb of Pope Julius II, he worked on the Sistine Chapel ceiling from May 10, 1508 until October 31, 1512, this also being done for Julius II (Rebman, 2000) . This particular masterpiece is to this day incomparable to any other work of art (Rebman, 2000) .Pope Julius II chose to employ Michelangelo for this task because his reputation throughout Italy and Europe was that of an outstanding sculptor who had an exceptional talent for using physical forms to express his own feelings and emotions (Rebman, 2000) . The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in its entirety contains nine major panels God Separating Light from Darkness, The debut of the Sun, Moon, and Stars, The Separation of Land from Water, The Creation of Adam, The Creation of Eve, The Temptation and Fall of Adam, The Sacrifice of Noah, The Flood, and the Drunkenness of Noah (Rebman, 2000) .Twenty four years later, Michelangelo was commissioned by Pope Pau l III to paint a wall painting above the altar of the Sistine Chapel which was to be a companion piece to the ceiling The Last Judgment (Jacobs, 1968) . This altarpiece took him six years to complete beginning in the summer of 1536 and reaching its completion on October 31, 1541 (Rebman, 2000) . check to records, Michelangelo employed a single assistant for this project Urbino, a expert artist who showed a significant ability with the foreshortening technique (Rebman, 2000) .Numerous authorities on the matter believe Michelangelos source of inspiration for The Last Judgment was derived from a poem, The Divine Comedy written by Dante who mentioned a Charon and Minossis both of whom are included in the painting (Rebman, 2000) . Much praise and reflection was heard for this painting, ranging from amazement and wonder to abhorrence for the scandalous nudity (Rebman, 2000) . Biago da Cesena was one of the first among many who offered scathing disapproval of the nudity of the fig ures (Rebman, 2000) .As a result, Michelangelo painted the face of Biago on the figure of Satan and a serpent slithering about the body while biting the groin sports stadium of Satan (Rebman, 2000) . Despite Biagos complaints to the Pope, the painting remained as it was (Rebman, 2000) . Unfortunately, due to so much criticism over the nudity of the painting, modifications were later made by Daniele da Volterra, who was hired by the church officials to paint clothing on the genitals of the nude figures (Rebman, 2000) . However, another artist, Martino Rota made an engraved replica of the original Last Judgment prior to the alterations (Rebman, 2000) .Similar to the habits of Leonardo, Michelangelo frequently abandoned his paintings before complemental them, and the only known finished easel painting is The Holy Family (Jacobs, 1968) . Michelangelos reputation was far superior to those of his contemporaries in sculpture, even including the next multiplication (Johnson, 2000 ) . Many new and upcoming artists studied Michelangelos methods with great intensity, and strived to copy his level of distinction by painting nudes in their own works of art as he had done (Gombrich, 1995) .These artists seemed to have overindulged themselves in this practice, and such behavior took away from the meaning of the paintings rather than adding to it (Gombrich, 1995) . This fashion became known as Mannerism. In closing, Ive mentioned a few similarities common between both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simone. In addition, I gave a summary of each artists lives, compared a few of their art pieces, and finished off with a discussion on how each artist made their own personal influence on the world of art in Italy and Europe during the 16th century with supporting examples.References Bambach, C. (2002, October). Anatomy in the Renaissance. Retrieved from Heilbrunn Timeline of Art write up http//www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/anat/hd_anat. htm Cl assics, D. (2012). Masters of Art Leonardo da Vinci. Delphi Classics. Gombrich, E. H. (1995). The Story of Art. Hong Kong Phaidon Press Limited. Hartt, F. (1989). Art A History of Painting, Sculpture, Architecture 3rd edition. New York Harry N. Abrams. Helicon, P. (2005). The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. Abingdon , Oxfordshire, GBR Helicon Publishing. Retrieved Nov 4, 2012, from http//site. brary. com/lib/ashford/docDetail. action Jacobs, D. (1968). Master Painters of the Renaissance. New York The Viking Press, Inc. Johnson, P. (2000). The Renaissance A Short History. New York random House Inc. Kleiner, F. S. (2010). Gardners Art Through the Ages The Western Perspective. United States Clark Baxter. Lee, S. (2004, Sep 2). play 500 The Meaning of Michelangelos David Final Edition. Retrieved from Proquest http//search. proquest. com/docview/357580072? accountid=32521 Nickerson, A. (2008). Journey into Michelangelos Rome.Birkley, California, United States Roaring mid-for ties Press. Retrieved Nov 4, 2012, from http//site. ebrary. com/lib/ashford/docDetail. action? docID=10289907p00=paintings%20michelangelo Rebman, R. C. (2000). The Sistine Chapel. San Diego, California Lucent Books, Inc. Rolland, R. (1921). Michelangelo. New York Duffield and Company. Vasari, G. (2006, Feb). Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. Retrieved from ebrary. com http//site. ebrary. com/lib/ashford/docDetail. action? docID=10124952p00=lives%20excellent%20painters%2C%20sculptors%2C%20architects
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