Basic Principles Of Industrial Automation Engineering Essay

Basic Principles Of Industrial mechanisation Engineering hearIndustrial mechanisation nowadays is very important especially collectible to globalization and competition that industries sine qua non to deal with. The main aim when applying this out string is to increase the issue rate without increasing the expenses. For guinea pig a legitimate task that usually essentials 3 workers to be done, by introducing mechanisation the same task sewer now be done by a single robot and maybe one worker fitting for supervision. Apart from that the quality of product and also the production rate (products per hour) washstand be improved. The three jut outs of industrial mechanisation argon programmable, flexible and firm automation. icon 1 Variety vs. Quantity for the 3 fictional characters of automation1 enroll 1 shows the difference in the midst of the three types of automation. Immediately one washstand notice that programmable automation allows variation while sacrificing qu antity and stiff automation allows large quantities to be produced sacrificing variation. Fixed automation stands in the middle of both.1.1) Programmable AutomationProgrammable automation allows reprogramming of the machines to satisfy diverse sequence of operations. Different products require incompatible process to be done for the manufacturing processes. When a follow deals with customised products like for example HVAC wholes the machines take aim to be programmed to fit the customers take. If the customer requires that the HVAC unit needs to be installed in a certain part of the classing so the HVACs dimensions need to be customised therefore the machines have to be reprogrammed to satisfy the customers needs. Apart from that, if the HVAC unit is going to be installed in a very cold climate region than the heat ex alternater needs to be different than the ones installed in Malta.A company use programmable automation needs to spend a heights amount of money to buy the equipment and also needs personnel to program these machines. The personnel need to be t come downed and also be skilled enough to program the machines in the least measuring stick realistic. The production evaluate are lower than the other two types of industrial automation and production is done in batches. As discussed above programmable automation sack up deal with customised products which direction changes in the products are possible.21.2) Flexible AutomationIn flexible automation which is linguistic rulely utilize in the automotive persistence allows little variation when compared to programmable automation. The advantage is that the production rates are higher.In an automotive industry the same model of a specific car tail assembly vary in colour, engine, wheels, interior etc. thereof this is why the automation needs to be flexible. The same equipment and same programs are employ save requires some changeover from one job to another. Automotive companies need to invest quite a lot of money on the machinery barely the amount is less than programmable automation. The production is continuous and only little time is lost during changeover. The production rates are lower than situated automation alone as discussed allow some variation unlike fixed automation.31.3) Fixed automationA company that produces paper merchantman be considered as fixed automation. In fixed automation the product produced is fixed and only a fine tolerance for variation is allowed hence the endpoint fixed.This type of automation usually results in high production rates and large quantities of the product produced. Therefore the money spent on machinery is elegant when compared to the money earned by the amount of products produced. The major disadvantage as mentioned above is the lack of variation which some quantify push aside limit the company in producing other products because the equipment design and programs clearnot be easily changed.42) What is the d ifference between precision and accuracy regarding measurement?Nowadays on the market more type of demodulators exist and also one may choose from a wide variety of brands. One important factor is that the sensor universe bought is precise and perfect.If a temperature sensor reads 23oC and the real true pass judgment is 25oC then there is an error of 2oC. Therefore this means that the sensor is not finished which sess be crucial on certain type of installations.On the other hand if the temperature sensor reads 23oC and when measured for another couple of times the temperature always varies, than the senor is not precise.http//t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQU4V1_9G8xceZHmGDAMzBuTuUj2qERMmm5vkZKNxpjlm5KwF_khd970joXFigure 2 Precision vs Accuracy5Figure 2 shows a draw which can demonstrate what has been said above. start from the right the prey shows an example of having a sensor which is neither accurate nor precise. The black dots represent the readings which are far away from the target (not accurate) and they are also far away from each other (not precise). The left target shows a representation of a sensor which is not accurate nevertheless precise which is why the readings are far away from the target but close to each other due to precision. The middle target represents an sublime sensor being both accurate and precise. The black dots are in the centre and also next to each other.3) Strain Gaugesa) Explain the convention of line of work measurement using neckcloth gauges.Strain gauges are use in sensors to measure force and related para cadences such as torque, acceleration, hug and vibration.A strain gauge has its own electrical opposition which is varied when the device is subjected to strain. Therefore the more strain the more electrical resistance varied which then fertilises the reading of the current forces on the work piece. The bonded silver strain gauge is most commonly apply. This consists of beautiful metallic botch fix ed in a grid pattern which is bonded to a thin backing (carrier) and then attached to the work piece. When the work piece is subjected to strain then it is transferred to the strain gauge which varies its electrical resistance and can give the reading necessary.b) circulate the schematic for most common measurement doctor-up for this type of measurement.Figure 3 shows the schematic of the most commonly used strain gauge (quarter connect over circuit). For the strain to be measured which includes very small values, an accurate measurement is needed to measure the small changes in resistance. This set up is called a Wheatstone bridge. It consists of four resistive arms with an excitation electromotive force Vex which is utilize across the bridge. When there is a change in resistance in any of the arms shown below, an unbalance is created in the bridge and will result in a nonzero output voltage.6Figure 3 Schematic set-up of a strain gauge7c) Explain how sensitivity of such set-u p can be increased, and what is a possible solution to compensate for environmental temperature variations.The sensitivity of the set up shown in figure 3 can be make headway enhanced by using a half(prenominal) bridge circuit and also a full bridge circuit.When using a half bridge circuit (figure 4 left) the sensitivity can be doubled by having two gauges which are nimble. In this type of set up the output voltage is linear and the output value is double from the one shown in figure 3.Figure 4 half(a) bridge (left) Full bridge Wheatstone circuit8By using a full bridge circuit as shown in figure 4 right hand side the sensitivity can be further enhanced by having all four arms bustling. Two gauges can be mounted in tension and the other two can be mounted in compression as shown in figure 5.9http//www.sensorland.com/Images/SG-009.gifFigure 5 Diagram showing a full bridge strain gauge circuit10To compensate for environmental temperature variations a possible solution is to have a configuration where two strain gauges in the bridge are used. One gauge will be the active gauge and the other will be placed transversely to the applied strain which can be called a sens gauge as shown in figure 6.Figure 6 Using a dummy gauge to reduce temperature affects11The temperature changes will be the same on both gauges which does not affect the ratio of their resistance and also does not change the voltage output therefore the temperature affects are small.124) What are intelligent ( last word) sensors? Give general block schematics of usual elements that constitute such a device. well-grounded (smart) sensors are an extension to the traditional sensors. The difference between a normal sensor and intelligent sensor is that a normal sensor detects and sends an stark(a) signal to a system which then identifies the reading whilst an intelligent sensor includes a processor to process the signal.Figure 7 Block diagram of an intelligent sensor structure13These are systems wh ich usually consist of a series of analogue and digital blocks. Every block has its own function. By using these sensors data can be analysed and then corrected which means no human interface is needed. For example large buildings use smart sensors to control lighting, air conditioning temperatures, doors, switches etc.Some of the functions that intelligent sensors do are self-diagnosis of faults, real-time data processing, communication interface and many more.145) reach to list all the tasks and requirements of a hydraulic fluids used in hydraulic installations.Hydraulics is widely used around the world in elementary applications like big businessman steering of a car and also high tech applications like in aircrafts where safety measures are very important. By using a fondness, other components (DCVs), actuators and a hydraulic fluid mechanised power can be achieved like lifting and pressing. The hydraulic oil which is sued needs to fit the requirement needed for the process to take place. For different applications different type of hydraulic fluids are used. In hard coal tap and forging presses low in flammability fluid must be used due to high risk for temperature therefore synthetic oils are used instead of standard oils.Although different types of fluids are used they all need to effect the same tasks. These tasks are pressure transfer, lubricating the moving parts, cooling, damping (cushioning) of pressure fluctuations in the system, protection against eroding, reduce abrasion and signal transmission.15For the hydraulic fluid to perform the tasks mentioned above the fluid needs to have the lowest possible density, satisfactory ageing stability, good viscosity-pressure/ temperature characteristics and many more, air release, non-frothing, resistance to cold, wear and corrosion protection and water separable.16Nowadays water hydraulics is advancing but the principle tasks mentioned above still need to be done no matter the fluid used.M3) Presen t and communicate appropriate findings.6) Shaft power calculationFlow rate = 35dm3/minPressure rise = vitamin C bar x 105Pa = 100MPaOverall efficiency = 87%To convert the electric current rate from minutes to secondsQ = 5.833m3/minIf we find the fluid power we can then find the shaft powerTherefore now we can find the shaft power7) For the given schematics of dual pilot operated go off valve locking circuit identify the numbered components and try to describe the circuits operation.7.1) Components of circuit drip and cover valve (in case of sieve blockage fluid passes through the plosive consonant valve)7.5kW electric motorDirection of motor and pumpFlow meterConstant displacement hydraulic pump with one direction of descend (38 l/min)Pressure gauge4/3 way guiding control valve, mid position closed, spring return (both sides) and operated via solenoid with one active coil.Solenoid with one active coilPilot linePilot operated plosive valveDouble acting hydraulic cylinder wit h double ended speculator rod7.2) Circuit operation descriptionWhen the electric motor (2) is started the hydraulic pump (5) starts to rotate. Hydraulic oil passes through the filter before entering the hydraulic pump. If the filter is blocked the oil will bypass the filter and pass through the baulk valve (in section 1). A flow meter (4) and pressure gauge (6) are installed to check the flow and pressure of the hydraulic. With no activation of the solenoids the DCV (7) has its ports exculpated to drain which will cause the pilot lines to rain therefore close the check valves.When both solenoids A1 and B1 are off, the DCV (7) will be in the centered position. In this position both ports are open to the tank which allows the pilot pressure to drop and the pilot operated check valves to close. Therefore the hydraulic cylinder is locked.When solenoid A1 is emotional the valve will move to the right and the hydraulic cylinder (11) starts to extend. What happens is pressure is build up in the pilot line that leads to the piston end which opens the check valve (10). The other check valve opens by pump pressure like any other check valve and hydraulic starts to flow.When solenoid B1 (8) is activated the valve will move to the left and the hydraulic cylinder (11) starts to retract. What happens is pressure is build up in the pilot line (9) which opens the other check valve this time. chit valve (10) opens by pump pressure like any other check valve and hydraulic starts to flow.If the DCV (7) is in the center position, and its ports are closed then the check valves will remain open which allow cylinder creep.