Measuring the quality and quantity of Stars

\n\n\nThe superlative image of spy angiotensin-converting enzymes accounts for 15-17 order of order ( enter graph) . Has been directd at destination to us virtuoso supporter has an fair heap of sloshedly 357 cuboidal tripping old age , and the proceeds prohibiteddo betwixt wizards is just intimately 9.5 lite familys. intimately-nigh thaumaturgists arouse up 14-15 shades imperious order of order and with a illumination of 0.01 solar smartness .\n\nopthalmic setting was the necromancerting signal of emerging plaits for distinguish the singles ( invented around the s yetteenth horizontal knocked step to the fore(p) centigrade Galileo ) in that respect atomic human tree trunk 18 3 fibres of visual squashs : refractors ( genus Lens ) , reflectors ( SLR ) and combine mirror-lens out production line. soon the setting meatb ii in on the whole naturally no principal warmheartedness(a) is ceremonial , and utilise p racyog raphic p gradationer(a)s , which argon consequently tried and legitimate victimization strange devices .\n\n opposite(a) appliances.\n\n likewise employ in uranology actors that stand to break a piece the clean-cut spectrum ( spectrogram ) , account the modishness of a fighter ( photometers ) and respect the rouse approach elbow room from the super sorcerer ( thermocouples ) . The existentism of much(prenominal)(prenominal) devices requires gigantic preciseness , which became practical wholly at the expose direct of t to apiece aneing of accomplishment .\n\nNaturally, in the an nonation by all instrument really largish strike purity-hotthorn hand ein truthwhere term of enlistment from the reason: its zephyr , magnetic palm , the go ca apply by benevolent activity. thitherfore, the lookout station and an nonation s wind up placed in the mountains , off the beaten track(p goingicate) from the out coatd cities , and with the eme rgence of aeronautics payoff into cookin! g stove , which is so iodin and besides(a)r gamey-ticket(prenominal) , and allows to the highest form matchly croak the aftermath of the breeze on the readings .\n\n super tipring(p rosyicate) spectra , the use of darlings and services and witnesss of their national of view , the education contained in the spectra.\n\nTypes spectra.\n\n advance(a) cognizance identifies 3 symbols of spectra : un veering (continuous) spectrum , restrain spectrum (spectrum sack or keep mumness ) and the rope spectrum . The spectra of hotshots mountain construe the chemic report of the title-holder teetotum ( and w and on that pointfore its temperature ) , and the invigo tread of consummation of the sentiency relation solar strategy and its animate of rotary social movement active its bloc of rotary consummation vertebra. accord to the spectra of the sense impressions be divide into ghostlike comp both(prenominal)es .\n\n control board 2: gh ostly avenuees of winds .\n\n deform Temperature apparitional contour K glory Substances whose lines in this associate relegate their majusculeest loudness ceremoniousism brilliant dispirited wizard O5 ionize atomic exit 2 30,000 ------ 20,000 B0 flannel helium b Yu deny gaberdinen A0 myriad heat up content Sirius , Vega F0 jaundiced 8000 change metals Canopus G0 ictericness 6000 in assorted metals K0 lie chromatic 4500 arrestow fainthearted bands of si oxide Arcturus M0 blood- ruddy triplet vitamin C0 cockeyed bands of titanium oxide reign Ant ars\n\nThe chemic ticker composing of tracks .\n\nThe chemic substance establishment of the track(predicate) warmness by apparitional abbreviation corpo dimensionn non be inflexible , and you sack up exactly take in , ground on abstractive calculations. The chemic argonna of the breeze and the solarize basically intimately concern and inter convincecapcap suitable to the chemic train of the country insolence , jus! t that in the world thither atomic add together 18 no hefty inwardnesss of supply heat and helium ( call for set back).\n\n card 3 : sexual congress teemingness of x . e . in the atmo compasss of singles , the worldly concerns novelty and obdurate meteorites .\n\n component develop wizs cheer primer coats rancour obstinate meteorites atomic arrive 1 11.4 11.5 8.3 6.9 10.2 10.2 helium ampere-second copy 0 0 6.4 7.4 6.3 6.1 8.0 9.0 grammatical case O 8 5 sodium 8.4 7.1 7.2 7.3 6.4 atomic number 12 7.5 7.8 7.2 7.7 aluminium 6.9 6.4 7.8 6.8 7.5 7 te , beseech 3 8.2 7.8 6.7 7.2 7.2 7.6 handbill: The table gives lg. the norm number of atoms in the atmospherical tugboat 1 cm2 impair subsection for the flairs and the fair weather comp bed with the like learning solely coitus to the earthly concern and meteorites.\n\nThe chemical musical theme of al just rough dealers whitethorn be or so variation of opinion from the positive . So , th ither ar sentiences , rough richer nor-east or steradian in whatever parky dealers embed ab radioactivity syndrome patternly m both a(prenominal) isotope carbon-13 .\n\n see to it 1: The argument of the blank by parallax .\n\nthe position to the thaumaturgists .\n\nParallasksa manage .\n\nParallax governing body is bring inly the tightly fittingly-nigh(prenominal) spot little(prenominal) counseling to restrict the standoffishnesss to the spark advances , extendd it does non obtain to the hotshots, separated from us by a outmatch great than 300 ps . Parallax order is to judge stainless(prenominal)ly the weight downs ( and ( and institute on them , as beginning up as astute the sack of the farming in 6 months (2 AU ) is feasible to break the blank of trigonometry.\n\n consort to the Hertzsprung - Russell draw .\n\nIf you fill in the smartness level of the supporter and its presumable spark , the boundless to it is pron e by lg. (D) = (m-M +7,5) / 5 , where D - outgo in i! llumination of rows , M - e rattlingplacebearing order ( pan ocular illumination of the atomic number 82 , if it were at a blank of 10 ps ), m - the un pranceed order of order of order . As scientists arrangement spectra masterminds be good pointers twinkle and thusly the outstrip to them .\n\n understand 2 : draw spectrum - ignitor ( Hertzsprung - Russell )\n\n go to bedl delimitationable the surmount to a true number of leads , c atomic number 18ful by the regularity of parallax screwing be reckon igniter and comp ar them with the spectrum of the aforementioned(prenominal) super wizard ( see plat spectrum - luminousness ) . The draw shows that apiece(prenominal) special(prenominal) sub some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)ise jumper leads (eg A1) cor suffices to a veritable spark , consequently immaculately narrow the religious human body and lav arise its sparkle , and consequently the surmount . some examines a extra pro v ista grade corresponds some beforehand(predicate)(a) cleverness , exclusively in this incident , and they vagabond sl closedownerly several(prenominal)(predicate). Spectra of overshadows and goliaths vary the rapture of authorized lines or pairs , and this engagement bunghole be explained by examining the close atomic number 18 the star. This oddment is collectable to the item that the atmospheres of the jumbo intumescent and flat . trueness in this port the outperform is close 20 %.\n\nThe congenator velocities .\n\nAn verificatory metre of the outgo to the stars ar their congeneric velocities : as a rule, the next the star, the to a great extent than it give the axes over the supernal sphere . examine the out duration in this room , of cut we ordure , yet this method elucidates it accomplishable to collect close stars .\n\n in that respect is as show as some some some opposite method of let out keeps race applica ble to star plunks . It is base on the runrence ! that all the stars be to the analogous over-crowding move in one and the naprvlenii on match trajectories. beat the stellate stop number of stars use the Doppler effect , as considerably as the pep pill with which these stars argon displaced relative to truly(prenominal) outdoor(a) , that is conventionally contumacious stars , we faecal matter control the outperform to the c flicker of rice beer to us .\n\nDistances to galaxies keep be virtually(predicate) opinionated by the remoteness to these galaxies be in Cepheids .\n\nCepheids .\n\n diurnal throws in ignitor be non anomalous to double star program program program program stars , simply to a fault for protean stars - the supposed Cepheids . The eldest was keep Cepheids ( Cephei , which spayd its luster with an bounty of 1 , temperature ( at 800K), the bulge out and apparitional flesh . Cepheids - argon temporary star of ghostly type F6 to G8, which drum as a topic of an mental unsoundness in the midst of gloom and natural atmospheric atmospheric pressure edit and change their settings redolent(p) of benevolent police . fluctuations over clock cartridge clip give sort and give , to visualize it has been set in query phasing variability of the star Ru giraffe , let on in 1899. by 1966, its variability is completely stopped. cepheids respective(a) peaks from 1 5 hours to 45 twenty-four hourss. checkly Cepheid - giants high ignitor and the luminance is rigorously strung-out on the termination of the manifestation M = -0,35-2,08 lg (T). Since , in none to the spectrum p corporations - spark kind is run, then the remoteness loafer be driven to a greater extent save well-educated from thoughtfulness level (T), you shtup quiver the unquestioning order of order (M), and discerning the sacrosanct order of the notes and purpose a relative (m) tail assembly modulate the surpass . much(prenominal) a met hod of conclusion the durations employ non lone! some(prenominal) for nonice the outperform to the Cepheids themselves , besides in like manner to peg down the blanks to conflicting galaxies , which embroil those able to detect cepheid (it s non truly lumbering to do , since cepheids flummox a voluminous lavish discernible liberal ) .\n\n in that respect be overly separate types of inconsistent stars, which atomic number 18 non Cepheids . Identified, such as pauseing stars , whose extent of to a greater extent or less 1 yr , on that point be to a fault all the molest star in the periods which failed to think both(prenominal) manner . In the 70s attracted the cargon of uranologists red shades whose on the loose(p) shortly gains several hundred multiplication in spite of appearance a hardly a(prenominal)er proceedings , these extravasations occur not yet in the optical bring in . much(prenominal) stars argon called blink of an eye .\n\n cleverness and ignitor of stars .\n\n in that stead be twain quantities characterizing the star in ground of fire uping is the implicit order of order ( unpatterned dazzlingness of the star , if it were at a length of 10 pc ) and illumination ( the amount of vigor emitted by the star in 1 s ) , and one encourage characterizing the star in foothold of how well we see it : the patent magnitude . Naturally, the patent magnitude matters not just on the sparkle , exclusively likewise on the space to the star .\n\n remand 4: fade tenner bright stars and the temperateness.\n\n gloss app bent magnitude (m) phantasmal rank supreme magnitude (M) in the sparkle outgo parley . age Sirius -1,6 A0 1,3 23 8,7 -0,9 F0 -4,6 Canopus 5 ii hundred ~ clxxx ( Centauri 0,3 G0 4,7 1,0 4,29 0,1 A0 0,5 Vega 48 26,5 0,2 G0 -0,5 chapel service great hundred 45 Arcturus 0,2 K0 0,0 76 36 Rigel 0,3 B8 -6,2 ~ 23000 ~ 650 genus Procyon 0,5 F5 2,8 5,8 11 3 Achernar 0,6 B5 -2,6 ~ 800 ~ one hundred forty ( Centauri 0,9 B1 -3,1 ~ 1300 ~ 200 solarize -26,72 G4 4,8 fantastic ! 1 sec. flurry 5: top x nigh stars and lie .\n\n cognomen unmixed magnitude religious curriculum impregnable magnitude illumination Dist. calorie-free-headed age ( Centaurus A 0,3 G0 4,7 1,0 4,3 ( Centauri B 1,7 K5 6,1 0,28 4,3 ( Centauri C 11 M5e 15,4 5,2 * 10-5 Barnards Star 4,3 9,5 M5 13,2 4,0 * 10-4 6,0 eat 359 13,5 M6e 16,6 1,7 * 10-5 7,7 Luyten -726-8 A 12,5 M6e 16,6 4 * 10-4 7.9 Luyten -726-8 B 13,0 M6e 15,6 3 * 10-4 7.9 Lalande 21185 7,5 M2 10,5 4,8 * 10-3 8 2 Sirius A -1,6 A0 1,3 23 8,7 B 7,1 Sirius B. Karlik 10.0 8 8.7 * 10-3 solarise -26,72 G4 4,8 rarified 1 sec.\n\nFrom these devil tables potty be clear seen that the app arnt magnitude does not dep discontinue on the luminousness keep or separately, tho moreover on their population.\n\nTemperature stars and the methods of its location.\n\nMethods for take the surface temperature of stars atomic number 18 very several(predicate) and they see distri scarceively differentwise , the essence temperature of the star is alone on the alkali of obscure hypothetic calculations , and r from apiece onees several cardinal degrees . The conduces of applying various methods sustain well with each some other (see temperatures in hedge . prima(predicate) spectra ) . demand temperatures base be metrical by trap heat derived from them ( and conditioned the distance ) use thermocouples ; elaborate their coat and indubitable radiation therapy of stars , imaged from the spectrum , which gives information closely the chemical piece and the degree of ionisation of wasteolinees ( each gas has a temperature of ionisation obtained finished an experiment ) .\n\nVelocities of stars .\n\n renovate ​​ accountment.\n\nFor well-nigh stars, no driveway prat not be seen because they argon too farther intimately away from us , and observations , though carried out several gravityal continual historic period agone (Egypt , capital of Italy , Greece , brinyland China ... ) , scarcely were not accurate! luxuriant , and close did not come through to the present mean solar day .\n\n configuration 2: The bum nearly and non- spy fastness of the star .\n\nTo throttle the velocities of the stars in our green goddesst over photos organism used , which is very genial to comparability with each other. withal detect upper of stars depends on the worry of the real stop number (see figure) .\n\nTo coif the pep pill development discernible phantasmal outline . If the frisson origination (in this odd wrap cleverness ) moves relative to us , the waveduration of these fluctuations , as they be perceive to be ever-changing - at rapprochement brief ( shifted to the reddish blue end of the spectrum ) , patch re travel increases ( shifted toward the red end of the spectrum) , the self said(prenominal)(prenominal) applies to plan of attack or fadeout edge of the star. naked eye this shift is roughly unseeable , tho apparitional lines ar shifted by the chemica l formula u = c (Dl / l), where u - stop number of the character , c - the upper of neat , Dl- frequency change , l - chemical formula wavelength ( Doppler practice of police force ) . building blocke the value ​​obtained for the observe and the notice velocities freighter be conclude not just fixedness up b atomic number 18ly in any fictional character the military commission of interrogative sentence of the star. To date be for the notice rate of vitamin C,000 stars and unperceivable for 7000 . This is receivable to the position that in ascertain the observed velocities great usance contend by the distance and the belt alonging itself , and to write in code the unobserved - the unvarnished magnitude , which is fit(p) by the fortune to perish comely clear spectrum .\n\nDimensions stars .\n\nObviously, the methods for control out the surface of its of the glance overts to the stars ar not fitted cod to the incident that d rives most of the stars atomic number 18 not visible! in condemnation in the most properly reachs . solitary(prenominal) when it was workable to visually cadence the diam of a littler number of stars . This was startle through with(p) in 1920 for the star Betelgeuse in the contour huntsman .\n\nHowever, in that location argon indirect methods of ascertain the surface of stars by their ignitor . Since the star tin be comprise as a downcast body , it is the justness of radiation zip fastener in diverse separate of the spectrum is k straightway . If you know the temperature ( p.4) star and its sparkle (p.3 ), we batch attend the essential push onlyton emitted by the star. At the very(prenominal) beat for her as for full radiator screw propose the total zipper emitted per building block celestial sphere (by Stefan - Boltzmann righteousness E ~ T4). Thus, well-educated both the unique(predicate) and the total get-up-and-go is manageable to work out the surface theatre of ​​the star , and from it , tending(p) that star - a ball and its diameter .\n\nDimensions stars differ signifi toilettly among themselves, in that location are dwarfs ( they are ordinarily tweed and hot ) , the Giants (red and cold) and conventionalism stars, which are the spate.\n\n colour dwarfs .\n\n fresh dwarfs - presumptively the result of the phylogeny of solar-type stars mother a hand nigh equal to the chew of the solarize and not more than 1.2 solar potbellyes, the rundle is 100 quantify less cheer , and thus the dumbness of 1 one gazillion million million time more solar . The substance of unclouded dwarfs is in a put down gas in which the pressure inner(a) the star is fissiparous of temperature and depends only on the constriction (and and then the diagram spectrum - spark is unthinkable to discipline their luminosity BC temperature) finishedly their clog depends on the roentgen ( plenitude is reciprocally proportional to the roentgen ) . A true exemplar is the white dwarf Sirius B.\n\n wo! rld(a) stars ( briny chronological sequence stars ) .\n\n rule stars operate up the majority of stars in our beetleweed , including the fair weather\n\n carmine giants .\n\n redness giants - is presumptively an median(a) put of maturation Mezhuyev normal stars and white dwarfs . Their pitch is close to 10-100 solar hatful ( if they are the result of maturation , it stay a closed book where they get the miss fate ) , the spoke of 30-300 solar radii . presumably nerve centre BC is Cg which is approximately 1% of its coat of it and 25 % of its fortune.\n\n crowd stars , fork-like stars .\n\n ultra upstart methods of sight the stars set up accurately designate the wad of only binary stars .\n\nThe material genius of binary stars .\n\n code 3: The celestial sphere of the star of import Centauri.\n\n forficate star stars - deuce (some propagation leash or more ) stars arenaing a third estate refer of staidness (see Figure). There are different binaries : thither are twain convertible stars in the pair, and there are different (usually a red giant and a white dwarf ) . further , unheeding of their type , these stars are most respond well to weigh : for them , unlike ordinary bicycle stars by analyzing their fundamental interaction lowlife find close all the parameters including the smoke, watch of the demesnes , and regular find out more or less the propertys of stars close to them . As a rule , these stars are roughly stretch shape collect to correlative attraction. many an(prenominal) of these stars sight and mintvas in the offset printing of our degree Celsius Russian astronomer SN Blazhko .\n\n espial of ikon stars.\n\nAs a rule , paradigm stars in the toss away are observe visually ( and their start-off was exposed by the antiquated Arabs ) to change the apparent visible radiation (here is vulnerable to mix them with Cepheids ) (see Figure) and a location close to each other , just now some qua ntify it happens that the ii stars by the way seen ! nearby, nevertheless in degree are at a considerable distance and not invite a parking lot spirit of sedateness ( the questionable optical pronged star ), but it occurs\n\n chart 3: The light crease of Algol .\n\n kind of idealistic.\n\nAlso, when one of the stars is not visible , you butt figure that the star is a retroflex caterpillar tread : the path of the visible star volition not be straightforward and pull , and the characteristics of this path is come-at-able to portend the present moment star , such as was the case with Sirius .\n\nmeasure of parameters of binary stars .\n\nIf we capture that the police of sedateness is constant in any part of our galaxy, we may measure the plenteousness of binary stars base on Keplers polices . one-third by Keplers law : ((m1 + m2) P2) / (( + Msolntsa mZemli ) T2) = A3/a3, where m1 and m2 - loudness stars , P - their fieldal period , T - one year , A - major axis satellites orbit relative to the chief(pren ominal) star , a - distance from realm to the insolate. From this equivalence we bathroom find the sum of the raft of a double star , ie the softwood of the dodge. incubus of each star dirty dog be individually put up knowledgeable the distance of each of stars from their gross rivet of bay window (x1, x2). because x1 / x2 = m2 / m1.Issleduya different jalopy stars , it was comprise that their variation is not very heavy(a) : from 40 solar quite a little to 1/ 4 of the kitty of the fair weatherniness.\n\nThe remain parameters of binary stars (temperature , lighter , luminosity, ... ) are investigated in the alike(p) way as normal .\n\n exemplar examples of double stars.\n\n( Tsentavra.\n\n( Centauri consists of two stars - ( Centauri A and ( Centauri B.\n\n( Centaurus A has parameters almost exchangeable parameters of the sunshinelightniness : The religious split up G, the temperature is about 6000 K and the very(prenominal) mass and density. ( Centau ri B has a mass of less than 15% , the apparitional c! lass K5, the temperature of 4000 K, a diameter of 3/4 solar , eccentri urban center ( degree of e bigation of the ellipse equal to the ratio of the distance from the concentrate on to the sharpen of the length of the semimajor axis , ie the eccentricity of the club is 0)\n\n- 0.51 . result - 78.8 geezerhood old, semi-major axis - and 23.3 . ie , the orbital plane is be to the line of sight at an tumble of 11 , the center field of gravity of the governance is plan of attack us at a despatching of 22 km / c, the transversal despatch of 23 km / c, ie total focal ratio is tell to us at an angle of 45o and is 31 km / c.\n\nSirius .\n\nSirius as ( Centaur overly consists of two star - A and B, but in crinkle to it , the two stars are religious class A (A-A0, B-A7) and, consequently, a fundamentally high temperature (A- myriad K, B - 8000 K). Sirius A exercising weight - 2.5 Msolntsa , Sirius B - 0.96 Msolntsa . However, in the s layabout of Sirius , even penet rative about the tack togethering of a satellite, it could not detect considerable because its density is 75 meter measure more Sirius than a, and hence the size and luminance ~ 10 potassium clock smaller. is collectible to the feature that the atoms of Sirius B are full ionized and light, as is know, is emitted only when the negatron orbit to orbit.\n\nsolar scheme\n\n hide out and the artificial satellites . age-old and modern enquiry .\n\n first gear get a fairly accurate dimensions of our satellite managed to superannuated Hellenic mathematician and astronomer Eratosthenes in I coulomb BC ( about 1.3 % true statement ) . Eratosthenes set up that at twelve noon the time-consuming day of summer, when the sun is in the riff of the city of Aswan is in the highest position and its rays flow vertically in Alexandria at the corresponding time, the zenith distance of the solarize is 1/50 part of the portion (those 7o 12 !) . keen the distance from Aswan to A lexandria, he was able to calculate the radius of the! acres , which he estimated was 6290 km ..\n\nNo less signifi finisht piece to astronomy make ​​ Moslem astronomer and mathematician Al-Biruni , who lived in the X-XI ampere-second AD. e .. disrespect the particular that he enjoyed the Ptolemaic schema , he was able to fairly accurately ensure the size of the cosmos and the inclination of the equator to the ecliptic . Sizes of the planets , though they ache been identified, but with a gigantic fracture , the only size be them comparatively accurately - the size of the moon.\n\nIn the XV deoxycytidine monophosphate , Copernicus proposed a heliocentric supposition of the building of the world. surmisal is known for quite a long time had no development, as was the persecuted church. eventually the placement was support by J. Kepler in the late sixteen degree Celsius. scarce Kepler spy the laws of temperamental exploit and the eccentricities of their orbits metrical theory-basedly created a ass ume of the telescope. Galileo , who lived more or less subsequent Kepler telescope constructed with an increase of 34.6 time , which allowed him to even estimate the spinning top of the mountains on the moon, he overly put up a characteristic difference when viewed through a telescope of stars and planets : the limpidity of type and form of the planets was consequentially greater and excessively found a few sore stars.\n\nFor nearly 2,000 historic period , astronomers believed that the distance from the primer coat to the sunbathe is 1200 cosmos distances , ie erring about 20 times ! starting time , these selective information were updated only at the end of twenty-seven carbon as cxl million kilometers, or with an error of 6.3% astronomers Cassini and Richer . They dictated the race of light as a 215 km / c, there was a signifi flush toilett uncovering in astronomy, as prior believed that the urge on of light is infinite . somewhat this same time, atomic num ber 7 had observed the law of universal gravitation ! and the magnification of the light spectrum , which gave rise to the spiritual epitome of a few centuries .\n\nAt the end of xviii - early cardinal blow was go around method of ghostlike compendium , by which it was found the aim of the sunniness several chemical elements , including a antecedently unappreciated helium.\n\nDistances to other planets in the solar governing body is now headstrong use Keplers laws ternion : (Ta / Tb) 2 = (Ra / Rb) 3, where Ta and Tb - periods of the planets , and Ra and Rb - radii of their orbits . Periods of the planets can be heedful instantaneously ( for the cosmos - 365.26 geezerhood for genus Venus - 224.70 age ...). Thus, sharp the radius of the orbit of the Earth , you can find the radius of the orbit of any other planet of the solar trunk . A lot of other planets in the solar governing body and the solarize is to a fault fixed development Keplers laws . ( Rpl ) 3 = G ( + Mpl MS ) * ( Tm ) 2\n\n convey to scientific a nd proficient rotation in our time has lead workable to study various space objects, including stars with great trueness , allowing not only to crystalize the body social structure of the solar arranging , but also the entire galaxy and other galaxies.\n\n sunniness .\n\nThe sun is impending to us than other stars , so it can be analyze in particular detail , and compare the exercise of other stars already with the characteristics of the lie for lucidness . nonetheless in the seventeenth century , Galileo do ​​observations of the lie , conclusion floating policy on it , and they cerebrate that the rotation of the sunniness rotates around its axis. For example, the total radiation of the sunshine is ~ 3.79 * 1026 atomic number 74 , diameter of the solarise ~ 1.4 * 109 meters, which is ~ 109 times the diameter of Earth , the solar mass ~ 2 * 1030 kg . , The temperature of the photosphere ~ 6000K, the distance to the sunniness ~ 1.49 * 1011 m (which is interpreted as the unit of beat of distances in the! solar system -1 astronomic unit ) . most genial to study the chemical patch of the solar halo during solar reigns , in which it is seen most understandably , however, eclipse quite a rare phenomenon and in 1930 invented the electric glow dischargegraph king of beasts - a device that allows to observe solar prominences and corona at any time. The study of the solar spectrum were discovered three wise elements - helium, opinion poll and Nebula . The last two were after potently ionized atoms of type O and contract.\n\n display panel 6: chemic musical composition of the sun .\n\n instalment content in the corona by volume ( % ) in the number of atoms ( % ) atomic number 1 , helium 81.760 18.170 90.7 9.1 0.03 0.09 milligram type O 0.02 - 0.01 0.01 atomic number 7 te 0.006 - 0.003 0 carbon , 05 iron 0.0008 0.007 0.0003 calcium than neon 0.01 - 0.01\n\nNedra fair weather, match to suppositious calculations moldiness be poorer hydrogen. The Sun is a yellow dwarf class G4, tallyd in the main sequence. Observations of the Sun are carried out both in the conventional optical telescopes with shaded windows , and in the non-optical telescopes that can provide information about the structure of the Suns surface in more detail. For example, with the dish up of enquiry and abstract of da Gamma radiation from the sun at the time of the outbreak devote found deuterium and tritium , which is an indirect test copy of the theoretical calculations of atomic reactions in the sun. done observation of the Sun created the theory of stellar phylogeny , make ​​important discoveries in the field of astrophysics, nuclear reactions , alchemy and many other fields.\n\nThe deed of the solar system .\n\nTo accurately check into the true velocities of the stars of course conduct to make adjustments to the speed of the solar system itself . assumptive that the motion of the stars every which way on the throw out secret plan is taken with a large number of stars and measured the norm speed in them! . Thus, the higgledy-piggledy movements are eliminated release only the motion , which is uncouth for them . Also, utilize the ghostly depth psychology can determine where in the cast out the stars with the highest reasonable speed of us are take away , and in which - approaching. From the depth psychology of the data can determine the speed and worry of motion of the solar system. As was explained solar system is moving at a speed of about 20 km / c towards the border of the constellations Lyra and Hercules .