Discuss in Detail Ways in Which Variations in the English Language Reflect the Society They Are Situated in Essay Example for Free

Discuss in Detail Ways in Which Variations in the English Language Reflect the Society They are Situated in EssayDiscuss in detail ways in which variations in the English language reflect the corporation they are dictated in. According to Walt Wolfram, Language sows its own seeds of change. Social consideration gives it the fertile ground to grow and spread. The global spread of English has inevitably led to the formation of natural varieties such as Singlish and Hinglish, which are different in their own ways. The differences among these variations, in terms of lexical choice, structure and even pronunciation, are cod to the different context and needs of the societies. These include the economical incentive of English in the society, social groups and their cultural make up. The economic incentive of learning English in the society plays a big role in the type of variation that distinguishes the new Englishes from other varieties. With the affluent and powerful recognizi ng the importance of English to connect, be a breach of the global platform and even acquire well paying jobs, the aspiring middle year, who makes up the majority in any societies, would find it very paying(a) to learn English, so as to be associated with them.However, in most societies where English is considered a foreign language, learning it in language school is very dear(predicate) and usually is an option for the wealthy. As a result, they would pick up bits and pieces of lexical items from the English language, and use it in their speech, maintaining the structure of their native language. An example would be Hinglish, where my chief is eating circles, is a direct translation of mera sir chakkar kha raha hai., effectively keeping the structure of Hindi. In India, majority of good Standard English speakers are from the upper class due to the exorbitant fees of the language schools. As such, the variation of English in this case reflects the economical incentives and the income gap in the society, where there is a negative railroad tie of the categorization due to speakers not being able to afford the education of Standard English. In Text B(i), lexical chain pertaining to negativity is adopted to be referred to code mixed languages. They include, gutter- speak, bad and consequence However, as the use of the variation used by the lower and middle class increase due to the population distribution, it might lead to the acceptance of the dialect in the whole society, then coming up with a more organized and uniform variety that most members of society would understand. This uniformity of the variety reflects the social acceptance of the variation. In Text B(i), semantic field of uniqueness is adopted to

Gun Control Essay Example for Free

Gun Control EssayGun Control seems to be much of an issue today than it has ever been in the history of our world. Weve all heard tragic news stories about crap-shooter violence weve been hearing about these stories since weve been old enough to remember. Gun make has continuously been a controversial issue, but it could possibly be the most controversial of all issues now. The recent shootings at Sandy Hook in Newport, Connecticut catch placed gun control at the front of the line. Gun control isnt relative to my field of study, but it is an issue that I feel stupid about. I can understand the views of both sides of the debate, but I work with many gun enthusiasts who are narrow-minded towards this issue, and I want to put an intercept to this ignorance not just at my place of work, but anywhere that the issue is being discussed. This is a very serious and sensitive issue that will doctor my childrens future, and I need to educate myself because I want to be involved.Gun violence is out of control and needs to be stopped. Gun control has been, and probably always will be, an issue that will always have opposition but the issue needs to be addressed now more than ever. Its not an issue of gun control in general its an issue of gun control today. Everyone wants to comment on the ineffectiveness of gun control laws in the past, such as the assault rifle band stating that gun violence never decreased from these laws

Present and future of glaxosmithkline pakistan

Present and future of glaxosmithkline pakistanWe have a challenging and inspiring delegation to improve the prime(a) of human life by enabling peck to do more, relish check and live longer. This mission gives us the purpose to rise innovative medicines and products that help millions of people around the homo.We be angiotensin-converting enzyme of the few pharmaceutical companies researching both medicines and vaccines for the World Health Organizations trey priority diseases HIV/AIDS, terabit and malaria, and be very proud to have developed some of the leading global medicines in these fields.Headquartered in the UK and with operations based in the US, we are atomic number 53 of the intentness leaders, with an estimated seven per cent of the worlds pharmaceutical market.But being a leader brings responsibility. This means that we care about the impact that we have on the people and places touched by our mission to improve wellness around the world.It oerly means th at we must help ontogeny countries where debilitating disease affects millions of people and entryway to life-changing medicines and vaccines is a problem. To meet this challenge, we are committed to providing discounted medicines where they are needed the most.As a comp whatsoever with a firm foundation in science, we have a flair for research and a track record of turning that research into powerful, marketable drugs. Every hour we spend more than 300,000 (US$562,000) to find new medicines.We bring medicines that treat major disease eye sockets such as asthma, virus control, infections, mental health, diabetes and digestive conditions. In addition, we are a leader in the important area of vaccines and are developing new give-and-takes for stackcer.KEY FACTS ABOUT GSKEvery secondWe distribute more than 35 doses of vaccineEvery minuteMore than 1,100 prescriptions are written for GSK productsEvery hourWe spend more than 300,000 (US$562,000) to find new medicinesEvery dayMore th an 200 million people around the world use a GSK brand toothbrush or toothpasteEvery yearOur factories produce 9 billion Tums tablets, 6 billion Panadol tablets and 600 million tubes of toothpastePAKISTAN OVERVIEWGlaxoSmithKline Pakistan modified was created on January 1st 2002 through the merger of SmithKline and French of Pakistan Limited, Beecham Pakistan (Private) Limited and Glaxo Wellcome (Pakistan) Limited- standing today as the largest pharmaceutical company in PakistanAs a leading international pharmaceutical company we make a real difference to global healthcare and specifically to the developing world. We conceptualise this is both an ethical instant and fall upon to clientele success. Companies that respond sensitively and with commitment by changing their business practices to address such challenges impart be the leaders of the future. GSK Pakistan operates mainly in two industry segments Pharmaceuticals (prescription drugs and vaccines) and consumer healthcare ( over-the-counter- medicines, oral care and nutritional care).GSK leads the industry in value, volume and prescription market shares. We are proud of our consistency and perceptual constancy in sales, profits and issue. some of our key brands take on Augmentin, Panadol, Seretide, Betnovate, Zantac and Calpol in medicine and reat oncened consumer healthcare brands include Horlicks, Aquafresh, Macleans and ENO.In addition, GSK is deeply involved with our communities and guarantee various Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives including working with the National Commission for Human Development (NCHD) for whom we were one of the largest corporate donors. We consider it our responsibility to nurture the environment we operate in and persevere to extend our make to our companionship in every possible way. GSK participates in year round charitable activities which include organizing aesculapian camps, supporting welfare giving medications and donating to/sponsoring various developmental concerns and hospitals. Furthermore, GSK maintains strong partnerships with non-government organizations such as Concern for Children, which is also extremely involved in the design, implementation and replication of models for the obligateable development of children with specific emphasis on primary healthcare and education.GSK PAKISTANUK(HQ)CEOM. SALMANTECHNICAL DIRECTORDR. MUZAFFAR IQBALDIRECTOR MEDICAL SERVICESDR. ATIF MIRZADIRECTOR MARKETING AND employment DEVELOPMENTMS. ERUMDIRECTOR FINANCE, IT, AND LOGISTICSDR. JAWEDHEAD OF HR AND ODMS. FARIHADIRECTOR SALESMR. PERVAIZ, MR. MAQBOOLDIRECTOR LEGAL AND REGULATORY AFFAIRSMR. SHAHID MUSTAFA QURESHIHEAD OF QUALITY MR. Z.U KHANHEAD OF procuralMR. HAJI MUHAMMAD HANIFDOTTED LINE REPORTINGQuality Assurance, procurement and HR reports to technical director Muzaffar Iqbal.SOLID LINE REPORTINGQuality Assurance, procurement and HR reports to UK.MERGER AND ACQUISITIONS OF GLAXO COMPANYIn 1957 Glaxo started working in Pakista n.than in 1996 glaxo merged with Wellcome and became GlaxoWellcome.in year 2002 Wellcome acquired SmithKline French and beecham and company became GlaxoSmithKline.2 months back GSK has acquired the branded generics business of Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS) in Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Libya and Yemen and also acquired Sirtris pharmaceuticals.PRODUCTSLeading products Augmentin Amoxil Panadol Ventolin Ampiclox Betnovate Calpol Zantac SeptranVaccines include Engerix Typherix Infanrix Mencevax Fluarix Havrix Varilrix Hiberix Tritanrix PriorixTooth pastes includeMcleansSensodyneSTAKEHOLDERS OF GSKA stakeholder is best defined as a person, group or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be moved(p) by the organizations actions, objectives, and policiesThe major stakeholders includeEmployeesCommunitiesShareholdersInvestorsGovernmentSuppliersLabor UnionsGovernment regulatory AgenciesIndustry Trade GroupsNGOsProspective employeesProspecti ve customersLocal communitiesPublic (Community)CompetitorsThe relationship they have with a wide set up of other organizations is an important part of their business. GSK has a number of policies and initiatives that modify us to work effectively with these stakeholders.STAKEHOLDER CONFLICTSGSK do not face conflicts with stakeholder but there are two operating units where conflicts usually arises they are Commercial unit Global manufacturing and supplyCommercial unit includes sales and marketing whereas global manufacturing and supply includes design department and quality assurance.Sales department frequently demands more supply from the manufacturing department which is main problem between the two heads because often the demand is more higher while the employees are less. So at that time often the conflicts occur. Commercial unit is the one who directly faces the customers both the departments have to report enlighten heads.EVALUATION OF EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCEAt GSK employee p erformance is evaluated at the end of the year. They develop a plan known as performance and development plan (PDP) in which from each one employee sets two objectivesHard core objectivesSoft core objectivesHard core objectives are the targets that the employee has to achieve till the end of the year.Soft core objectives are based on the 12 high performance behaviors.Outstanding achievements of employees in any of 12 High Performance Behaviors underpin the continual success as individuals and collectively as an organization.High Performance BehaviorsInformation SearchCreating Business SolutionsFlexible ThinkingInfluenceBuilding ConfidenceCommunicationBuilding RelationshipsTeamwork develop flock modify Drive ChangeContinuous ImprovementCustomer FocusGSK Spirit provides employees with an opportunity to recognize or be recognized for large(p) achievement where Top Achievers can receive significant monetary awards for both individual and team achievements.For each role, in addition to germane(predicate) experience and qualifications, GSKA is looking for for employees that can demonstrate the attributes of our High Performance Behaviors.Innovative ThinkingInformation searchCreating business solutionsFlexible thinkingCollectively describes how to collect and share relevant information which helps GSK people to form new ideas and create innovative options whilst taking into account the complexity of the context in which we operate. It maximizes the chances of creating and sustaining increased performance for GSK.Achieving ExcellenceEnable and drive changeContinuous goodCustomer revolve aboutDescribes the ways in which always improved performance by keeping focused on ways of achieving GSKs goals and delighting the customers. This ability to deliver performance levels beyond expectations distinguishes us from competitors.Leading PeopleInfluenceBuilding confidenceCommunicationDescribes how salty and inspiring others to overcompensate the ideas by communicati ng effectively. It results in generation of shared and collective belief in GSKs future success.Engaging and developing othersBuilding relationshipsTeam work exploitation peopleDescribes ways in which GSK can develop open, trusting and collaborative relationships with a diverse mix of people both across and outside GSK, and agree that these relationships develop collective aptitude to perform better. Through engaging each other and truly working together we will grow and enrich GSKs potential. later developing the objectives each employee discusses it with the manager and after agreeing the plan is signed by the manager and the employee. Midyear retrospect of the plan is also done to check whether the plan is passing play on the track.EMPLOYEE MOTIVATIONRewards RecognitionGSKs remuneration and reward programs are competitive with some of the best companies deep down and across our industry. Superior performance is recognized with both financial and non-financial rewards. Thank ing people for a job hale done is central to GSKs culture.Performance and rewardGSK reward systems support high performance and help to extract and retain the best people. Performance-based pay and bonuses, share rewards and share options align employee interests with business targets.Compensation BenefitsGSKA adopts a Total Compensation and Benefits approach in the design of its fee packaging model. This aim to provideOptimum flexibilityChoice andTargeted incentive programs to provide us with the best opportunity to attract and retaining world class employees. motivator Plans are an integral fortune of the GlaxoSmithKline Total Compensation and Benefits Philosophy. A Long Term Incentive Scheme is offered to Senior Managers.Employees are able to participate in the GlaxoSmithKline Australia Employee Share Plan on reaching the eligibility criteria.Employee Assistance weapons platformGSK values the well being of its employees and, as a result, has made available an Employee Assis tance Program to enhance well being, both in-personly and in the workplace. The Employee Assistance Program provides professional assistance and counseling for any work related or personal problems. The service is amply confidential and free of charge to employees and their immediate families.Professional DevelopmentGSK recognizes that our people determine the success of the business and we are committed to developing this precious resource. Whatever your role, you will be supported through our Performance Development Planning process in your efforts to enhance your core capability, performance and ability. You will be assisted to achieve both your short and long term career goals through GSKA talent focussing initiatives.Training DevelopmentIn place to reinforce the Performance Development Planning process GSK offers employees the opportunity to participate in a range of external and internal development courses as well as offering support for further Tertiary Education.Lead ership Development ProgramGSK Leaders set the tone for employees experience of GSK as being a place where they are truly valued. GSKA Leaders check up on the organizations business strategy and people practices are aligned with the GSK Mission, Strategic Intent and Spirit. This is achieved through the consistent exercise of our 12 High Performance Behaviors. Furthermore, a suite of high performance leadership development programs, including Foundations of Leadership has been developed to support all people management roles at GSK and will be linked to the recruitment and succession planning of future leaders.Talent ReviewThe Talent Review process is a component of the GSK Performance Development Planning Program. It is one of GSKs Talent Management initiatives and consists of a series of workshops where GSK Leaders come together as a team to review and discuss their employees performance, development and career aspirations.CHALLENGES FACED BY GSKThe environment in which the Consu mer Healthcare business operates has become ever more challengingconsumers are demanding better quality, better value and improved performanceretailers have consolidated and globalised which has strengthened their negotiation powerCycle times for innovation have reduced.The pharmaceutical industry is experiencing a time of unprecedented challenge. Patent expiries, regulatory issues and increased pressures from healthcare providers have have to create an environment where pharmaceutical sector is associated with lower harvest-home and higher risk.KEY CHALLENGESThe patents on many medicines that have driven sales growth in our industry over the past decade are coming to an end. These medicines may not be replaced by products of equivalent financial size. In addition, there are increasing pressures on pharmaceutical companies to deliver products with demonstrable benefits over current treatments. No longer do we merely have to discover and develop products that help people do more, feel better and live longer. We now have to justify that our products represent the greatest value for healthcare providers.At the same time, the pharmaceutical sector has been exposed to controversy regarding ethical and patient sentry go issues. As an industry, we are in danger of eroding what trust we already have when we actually need to be building stronger relationships with governments, regulators and the general public.These factors have combined to move the industry from one which was expected to deliver high growth at low risk, to the very opposite.These challenges are being tackled through three key strategic priorities that will transform GSK into a company that delivers more growth, less risk and an improved financial performance.Three strategic prioritiesIn 2008, the following three strategic priorities were establishedGrow a diversified global businessDeliver more products of valueSimplify the operating modelThese priorities will enable the organization to navigate t he coming years successfully and retain the leading-edge position as a company able to meet patients and healthcare providers needs into the future. pay back A DIVERSIFIED GLOBAL BUSINESSGSK is reducing risk by broadening and balancing the portfolio, diversifying into new product areas that show potential, while also fully capturing opportunities for products across all geographic boundaries.Specifically, to generate future sales growth by strengthening core pharmaceuticals business and supplementing it with increased investment in growth areas such as vaccines, biopharmaceuticals and consumer healthcare.GSK is also seeking to unlock the geographic potential of the businesses, particularly in emerging markets and Japan.PLANSDrive growth in the pharmaceutical business in the core marketsDeliver ambitious vaccines forecastFulfill the potential of emerging marketsExpand businessGrow the Consumer Healthcare businessDELIVER to a greater extent PRODUCTS OF VALUEWe are striving to build on e of the strongest pipelines in the industry. We are transforming RD to ensure that we not only deliver the current pipeline but are also able to sustain a flow of new products for years to come.As we move towards a more diversified business we will stick out on developing a higher volume of mid-size products for more clearly-defined patient populations. This will help develop a lower risk portfolio which is not dependent on the performance of one or two large products. incontrovertible steps have already been taken, with 30 late-stage assets currently in our pharmaceuticals and vaccines pipeline. Our objective is to sustain this throughput of products over the long-term.PLANSFocus on the best scienceDiversify through externalizationRe-personalize RDFocus on return on investmentSIMPLIFY THE operating(a) MODELGSK is a complex organization. We recognize that we need to simplify our operating model further, changing the way we work, removing unnecessary processes and structures which slow us down and disconcert us from our mission.Our global restructuring programme is a vital catalyst of our strategy. We believe it will radically change our business model giving us the capability to support a more diverse, growing business that is also expected to be more profitable in the long-term.PLANSEvolve the commercial modelRe-shape manufacturingstreamline processesReduce working capitalFor GSK brand pull is already present in the market as it is the 1 pharmaceutical company in the world. It is a most preferred company in terms of prescription by doctors and more than 1,100 prescriptions are written for GSK products every minute.GSK is preferred by doctors only because of their quality standards. GSK has a good quality management system.CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILTYGSK is considered as one of the most participating player in the corporate social responsibility. Some of the societal activities conducted by GSK are as followsPartnering with the National Commission for Hu man Development for ancient Healthcare ExtensionGSK Pakistan has provided a grant of 144,000 sterling (Rs.12.96 million) to the NCHD Primary Healthcare Extension Program making GSK the largest corporate donor to this cause. The purpose of this grant is to contribute at the grass root level towards healthcare improvement of the Pakistani people. The great thing about the primary healthcare extension program is that it will be implemented in the areas generally recognized as difficult to access, hence often neglected due to harsh terrain, high levels of illiteracy and confined social setups.Concern For Children Trust (CFC)The Concern For Children Trust (CFC) is a non profit, non government trust established in 1997. Their mission is to promote the health and welfare of the Children of Pakistan, paying special attention to preventive and primary healthcare, education, infrastructure, maintenance and support and to create general awareness about various child healthcare issues. The Tru st is partially self-sustainable in that, its operational costs are covered by a Trust Fund. SmithKlineFrench to SmithKline and French of Pakistan Limited donated the initial seed money and now GSK Pakistan continues to be the major donor.International Programme for HIV Education Positive Action ProgrammeIt is estimated that more than 36 million adults and children are living with HIV/AIDS with approximately 15,000 more people being infected each day. Globally, more than 21 million people have died from AIDS, resulting in 13.2 million orphaned children.Positive Action is GSKs international programme of HIV education, care and community support. In this, GSK works in partnership with individuals, community groups, healthcare providers, international agencies and others to encourage HIV prevention as well as education, care and treatment of people living with, or affected by HIV/AIDS. Since its inception in 1992, positive action supported and implemented a wide compartmentalisation o f projects at both national and international levels throughout the world.EARTHQUAKE RELIEFIn this time of need and despair, GSK Pakistan was very quick to respond to the calamity affected areas with Rs. 20 million worth of antibiotics, analgesics and topical anti-bacterial supplies, delivered inside 24 hours of the misfortune having struck. Carefully selected emergency treatment packages were developed by the Crisis Management Team established, and a donation of up to 350,000 doses of Hepatitis A vaccine was given to health authorities to cope with the arising health concerns in the wake of the earthquake. This was all delivered within 24 hours of the disaster due to the urgent medical need.PROGRAMMES AND OPPORTUNITIES TO ENCOURAGE ACTIVE EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENTGSK encourages employees to become involved with deserving causes in their local communities around the globe. GSK support their time and loyalty with various internal programmes and opportunities to encourage active employee involvement.The PULSE Volunteer Partnership Programme is the newest corporate responsibility initiative. Starting in 2009, PULSE will give GSKs high-performing employees to volunteer using their professional expertise, lasting for a period of three to six months. A PULSE volunteer will work full-time with one of our partner non-governmental organizations (NGO) to make a significant impact in impoverished communities around the world. With their skills and knowledge, PULSE volunteers will work to build positive, sustainable change within the NGOs programming and service delivery in developed and developing countriesORANGE Day, introduced globally in January 2009, has enabled thousands of employees to make a significant difference through engaging with their local community.Give as You Earn (GAYE), is a payroll giving scheme where an employee or pensioner can donate to any charitable organization in the UK, straight from their pay.APPROACH TOWARD SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYPROACTIVE APPRO ACHGSK has a proactive approach towards social responsibility. Managers at GSK actively participate and ask themselves in different social activities which include awareness regarding diseases, PULSE campaign, malaria, AIDS etc.ABOUT GSKs CORPORATE ETHICS AND COMPLIANCE PROGRAMMEGSKs Corporate morals and submission Programme were established by the Board of Directors to support GSKs commitment to high standards of ethical conduct. The programme is under the direction of the Corporate Ethics and Compliance Officer, who reports to the Chief Executive Officer. Through the programme the Corporate Ethics and Compliance staff provides oversight and guidance to ensure compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and company policies, and to cling to a positive, ethical work environment for all employees.GSKs Code of Conduct is the foundation for all the company policies. It sets out the fundamental principles that the company values and that employees should use in their daily work. Supporting the Code of Conduct policy is a range of corporate policies providing specific guidance in areas such as disputation law, marketing practices, non-discrimination, share dealing, and conflicts of interest. GSKs employee cast to business conduct highlights the Code of Conduct, core compliance policies and provides guidance to employees. It is the responsibility of each employee to implement the code and follow the employee guide to sustain the trust and confidence of all GSK stakeholders. The six pages of code of conduct document clearly define the Purpose, scope, responsibilities, policies and communication of issues to all GSK employees. The policy covers the following use of goods and services in GSK.Audit, Compliance, QualityCommunicationsGovt. External AffairsFinanceGlobal ProcurementHRITLegalManufacturing caterMarketing, Sales SupportMedical look / DevelopmentSupervisors ManagementPurposeThe purpose of this document is to state GSKs Policy on the fundamental standards to be followed by GSK Staff in their everyday actions on behalf of the Company and to promote safe, legal and ethical conduct. Details relating to specific actions will be provided in the GSK Standards of Conduct.ScopeThis policy applies to all GSK Staff (includes employees, complementary workers, students and interns) world-wide, within all sectors, regions, areas and functions. GSK Staff must ensure this policy is followed by any contractors or other third-parties whom they engage.FORCES FROM SPECIFIC GENERAL ENVIRONMENTSPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTCOMPETITORSGSK faces Brobdingnagian competition in Pakistan. It has many competitors that are affecting the sales if GSK. Competitors includePfizerJohnson JohnsonBayerAbbottNovartisCompetition from generic products generally occurs as patents in major markets expire. We believe that remaining competitive is dependent upon the discovery and development of new products, together with effective marketing of existing products. Within t he pharmaceutical industry, the introduction of new products and processes by our competitors may affect pricing or result in changing patterns of product use. There is no assurance that products will not become outmoded, even patent or trademark protection. In addition, increased government and other pressures for physicians and patients to use generic pharmaceuticals, rather than brand-name medicines, may increase competition for products that are no longer protected by patent.CUSTOMERSThe main customers of any pharmaceutical are the doctors. The brand name of GSK is so reliable that most of the doctors prefer only the GSKs product. GSK continuously spent money on RD so to satisfy the customers need.SUPPLIERS DISTRIBUTORSWorldwide GSK buy goods and services from around 90,000 suppliers. Our supply chain is complex it ranges from strategic relationships with suppliers that manufacture active pharmaceutical ingredients, intermediates, raw materials and packaging for GSK medicines to contracts for goods and services such as office equipment, cleaning and security. The Primary supply sites supply high quality, competitively priced bulk actives and focus on improvements in primary technologies and processes. GSK does not own any of the suppliers or distributors. New product and global supply sites work closely with RDs development teams to ensure that the right technical competencies are in place to support rapid and successful new productGOVERNMENTAs such GSK dont face any issues with the government because they have their code of ethics which GSK strictly follows. GSK also play part in the welfare of society and avoid any of the illegal acts that can affect the GSKs reputation.GENERAL ENVIRONMENTIn general environment technological forces affect the GSK in the sense that new technologies are coming which are resulting in the new methods of producing the products. But GSK due to its huge business easily replace old technology with the new one for making the pr oduct in the frequently better way than the previous methods.FUNCTIONS AND DEPARMENTS AT GSKThe main functions and departments at GSK are Production Engineering Environmental health and safety (EHS) Operational excellence Supply chain Finance Human resource Procurement Quality assurance Supply chainCUSTOMER REQUIREMENTSCUSTOMER VALUEFASTER LOWER make up BETTERLEAN SIGMAINPUTSCULTURE AT GSKCULTURE AND VALUESGSKsmissionis to improve the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer.GSK place great emphasis not only on what we achieve, but also on how we deliver our achievements. Integrity and transparency are critical in our decision making and underpin everything that we do.GSKsculture is summed up in theSpirit of GSKthat defines thevalueswe expect all our employees to embraceRespect for PeoplePatient FocusedTransparencyIntegrityGSKsvaluesare pivotal to the way they operate and employees are people with high integrity who make good, honest decisio ns with patients in mind.GSKsmissionandspirithelp employees deal with new challenges and maintain a clear focus.CORE COMPETENCY OF GSKThe core competency of GSK is their consumer health care, consumer health standard their quality standard. These factors give the coreThe sources of GSK are due to their huge efforts in R D to bring continuous innovations in the products. Our scientists are working hard to discover new ways of treating and preventing diseases.Our success depends on a vibrant and productive RD function. To this end, we have established an innovative RD structure that encourages creativity and facilitates the deepen discovery and development of new medicines and hence gaining the competitive advantage.We also build collaborations and links with other research groups, biotechnology companies and academic institutions to help develop transformative scientific concepts.SOURCES OF CORE COMPETENCYSources of core c

Rituals And Beliefs In Venezuela

Rituals And Beliefs In VenezuelaIn Venezuela and around the world has had been developed endless medical specialties, psychological, science and technology very rapidly, in the same way and nearly at the same speed, excessively, has emerged a large list of beliefs, myths, devotions that each day rises with a booming effect. In fact, in the XXI century these organized religions, beliefs and superstitious practices, such as witchcraft, they manifest themselves with a large number of followers and/or curious volume that atomic number 18 consulted with the idea that the shaman, mass medium or wizard help them to solve their problems, whether physical, mental, economic or any almost other nature.Some people queried for evil or penalize from others who according to them argon the responsible to the origin of the conflict, and then there be those still without ever having attended a witchcraft ritual or religion and they are usually followers of Christianity or Catholicism, tho se people express to suppose or to be beneath the effects of a work of magic and / or sorcery, or shake a firm belief that witchcraft is real and something to be fear of. We often hear from these people phrases like I dont believe in witches, but if there are, there are, or with the Saints do non play (referring to Santeria which is a syncretic cult of witchcraft).Santeria A religion that cartels beliefs of the Yoruba and Bantu people of Southern Nigeria, Senegal, and the Guinea coast with constituents of Roman Catholicism, with get-gos in the Caribbean.Donnelly (200565) explains how in this century Venezuelans increasingly break with a series of taboos imposed from the Spanish supremacy about customs and religion, which opens a new door to the practice of rituals, spiritualism and occultism, being a heritage of ancestors, natives and slaves of the past. This cultural legacy, talking about occultism, rites and religions intermingle to combine religion, magic, occultism, be tween the sacred and pagan, between the rational and irrational, is to give a deeper meaning to carriage or tangible and its problems, is to looking for a closer god and non abstract or distant one. (Marin,198627).Because many of the religious practices and beliefs are transmitted by oral tradition, such as Santeria, they get to not established a clear basis in fact many of these religions and pseudo religions are characterized by a complex process of syncretism that even today continues.According Gruson (197034), the about common religion is Catholicism, where 80 percent of the population consider themselves Catholic, whether or not they are participants. The faithful believe in God, but he is farthermost from this world, the rites are directed towards the saints, the sodding(a) and the Souls who are closer to the humans. Religion provides the afflicted people the solution of many problems, including physical and mental health also it has amateur purposes (dances, parties), psychological (ego gratification, when a person has an fundamental position in the ritual organization), companionable (cronyism) and medicinal (miracle cures).Popular religions believe in nature spirits and other supernatural entities, ghosts and miraculous goblins, this is considered Catholic and does not cause damage to the basic structure of religion. Private rites are secrets, they are done in cartridge clip of crisis, performed with a single purpose, but the intention is to alleviate the problem of the client or do evil, while the public rites are rather linked to semiofficial Catholicism.A mixture between paganism and sacred characterizes frequent Catholicism. The rituals and symbols of Catholicism often have a different meaning for members of the educated classes than lower class or humble peasants. Catholics go to church, but also they practice rites of Santera at spiritualist centres, at the same time they may visit the graves of clan saints, spiritual healers or g et a consultation via Internet. Even in most TV channels is possible to watch programs of cartomancy, tarot, among others, with a considerable rating, all over 7%. (IBOPE AGB Venezuela, 2010).For example, baptism is considered a rite that protects the newborn against all evil influences the cross for example, contains powers to ward off evil spirits. Although the Christianization of the Indians and fatal slaves during the colonial era, many concepts and oldest religious practices were preserved, which could exposit outside of official Christianity, all this is embedded so strong on this culture, that some medical professionals recommend the use of spell against the evil eye and shingles (sufferings of religious connotation) (Molina,194790-110).There is no evidence of serious or reflective studies regarding the present topic, but it is interesting to note that religious and pagan is widespread in this country, rituals of witchcraft, sorcery, popular religiosity and Catholic belief s has been mixed together among the most common are Nigerian Santeria or traditional and Cuban santeria (Martin, 198374).The practice of psychotherapy in Venezuela is new, there are very few professionals in the country and it is not specifically regulated by any entity, except the Venezuelan Association of psychotherapist (AVEPSI), located in the capital city Caracas and formed in 2009.The practice of this specialty in Venezuela is senior highly welcomed by the general public, but a continuous education and feedback from the therapist towards the client and vice versa, in areas such as clinical hypnosis, beliefs in the supernatural, myths and rituals are necessary. The therapist may face a diversity of situations, similar to those faced Carl Jung and referred in his thesis On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena (1902) in which he describes a young woman patently suffering supernatural attacks.According to the previous explanation, surges a need to do a stud y that lead to answer the following questionDoes beliefs religious or esoteric practices of Venezuelans influence the psychotherapeutic practice in Venezuela?From the above question arise the following objectivesGeneral objectiveDescribe the influence of religions, beliefs, magic and witchcraft in the practice of psychotherapy in VenezuelaSPECIFIC OBJETIVESIdentify religious beliefs, magic or witchcraft on patients attending psychotherapeutic consultation.Estimate just about the practice of religious rituals, magic or witchcraft in clients attending to psychotherapeutic consultation.Recognize the efficiency of Psychotherapy Techniques in the treatment of clients with religious tendencies or witchcraft practitioners.CHAPTER ITheoretical FrameworkRites and Beliefs in VenezuelaSome scholars take the practice of witchcraft in Venezuela as somewhat folkloric (Cazabone, 200989) unlike other countries where some rites have diabolical connotations with animal sacrifices involved.This folkl oric aspect is closely linked with the Venezuelan humorous character, who in general do not take very severely the powers of magic the just in case, or I dont believe in witches, but if there are, there are, gives a sense of belief in authorized aspects in the occult.Branch (in Zalazar et al, 200167) concluded that this Venezuelan way of be is a historic stereotype, derivative from miscegenation and the character of the participants on it, highlighting the ingenuity of indigenous, the weighed down labour of black workers and the conquerors arrogance. These archetypes explains Branch, play an important role to explaining the Venezuelan people characteristics , concluding that the Venezuelan broadly is cheerful and humorous by its black and Spanish heritage, smart for his Spanish and Indian roots, loving and generous the Indian heredity, but by the other hand, the negative side, lazy by the Indian essence, disorganized and uneconomical by their black ancestry, disrespectful to the law and violent by the Spanish origin, nevertheless none of these influences have or are backed by scientific evidence, are simply social images that continue to be relevant (Zalazar et al, 200189).Moreover, beliefs and magic-religious practices are a immunityd means to express realities, conflicts, emotions and hidden feelings, taking place beyond the ability to be rational.Christian (200930-45) explains that a great number of people light hindquartersdles to different deities (Black First, Philip Black, Guaicaipuro, Maria Lionza, etc.) In order they may grant miracles or favours.This use of gadgets is a psychological strategy, Figueroa (200582) explains that humans use to control their lives and overcome their limitations in an environment that sometimes exceeds his capacity for under indorseing and action.Moreover, the use of talismans and / or amulets or just called vulture seed, the aloe plant are used in rituals and cults as a means of protection or lucky charms.Cabazone (2 00997) describes that the leader and ex-president Romulo Betancourt said with an product line of certainty that his pipe was put under spell by a witch, and many believed that this was the key to its success. Magic and all its techniques is one of these resources and sometimes this faith on a ritual or belief generates spectacular solutions.Figueroa (200589) suggest, that the use of talismans and amulets dates from the ancient times and worldwide great men, politicians, artists, soldiers, athletes, etc., have behaved and carry symbols of good luck, giving high regard to the power of positive suggestion, so have been able to accomplish their purposes. The psychological effect makes believers to have faith on the amulet, rite, or talisman.The role of religion in Venezuelan culture and beliefsAs discussed, the cultural background and miscegenation have been influential in Venezuelan culture, even on the whole Latin America despite an apparent secularization.Notably, worldwide, all cul tures of the world were shaped by religion, no one ethnic group escapes this process and on the same area, charming religious traditions and customs have influenced significantly in social relationships, community life and moral codes, this faith in supernatural beings is evident not simply in Venezuela but throughout the world (Pollak-Eltz, 200469).In Venezuela and throughout Latin America, Catholicism, shaped the culture that until recently had absolute monopoly all social classes were influenced. Today the official and popular religions are expressions of different types of lifestyles, on the one hand, traditional or popular religiosity has curative and magical and is generally practiced by popular sectors and secondly official Roman Catholicism practiced by people in urban areas.In this sense, the proliferation of rites and beliefs and personal interpretations of followers and practitioners and the lack of a delimit priestly liturgy make these practices and cults an easy targ et of charlatans and abusers.Among the most popular cults is that of Maria Lionza, in which the medium is possessed he or she fall in trance (matter) and them the spirit that possesses the person is consulted and this gives advice to the person seeking help. The cult of Maria Lionza is complex and covers all magical and religious beliefs of Venezuelan people and forms a deduction of magical practices, within a religious context. (Pollak-Eltz, 200482).Can be said that this is a syncretic cult with practical solutions through rituals that recognize the values of Christianity, in fact, Maria Lionza is sometimes identified with the Virgin of Coromoto and/or an indigenous spirit.Magic is present on this cult and its techniques are neither good nor bad, but can be used for do good or evil. Wizards pretend to manipulate those forces and claim to possess supernatural and extraordinary powers to communicate with the supernatural world (matter).Pollak-Eltz (200483) states that opinion is th e cause of miracles. Because these techniques can be learnt, the magician is not responsible for acts performed he or she is an officer to whom the client pays their services. This magician or medium often has the familiarity to solve problems and cure diseases, and is an excellent psychologist despite his limited formal education.According Pollak-Eltz (2004106) or pagan religion of witchcraft was faded from the countryside to the cities. This culture is broadly Christian and despite advances in technology and medicine is popular religiosity more alive than ever, and thats because the popular religion is utilitarian, giving spiritual support and serves as a psychological calming in times of personal crisis.Saignes (in Pollak-Eltz 200465), states that Historically, whites and slaves used to consult black healers that often had more success than white surgeons in healing the sick. Their k this instantledge on medicinal plants and magical rites brought a increased the prestige of the African medicine-men.This figure of the magician or sorcerer could be seen as the representation of an idol, which has the privilege to channel and guide the prosperity or misfortune at will of others.This is reflected according to Rojas (200630), in the particular character of Venezuelan people when they worship a person or religious figure on which can be trusted and surrender.Popular ReligionThe misfortunes and influence that the church had in the 19th and twentieth has no relevance in how Venezuelans built his ideas about faith and deities. Since colonial times, this grotesque blend between religion and popular religion came framed on a profound mystery of the supernatural and esoteric (Gackstetter et al, 201045).There is a term called The three powers, has nothing to do with the Catholic Trinity. Maria Lionza is symbolized as the Virgin Mary, these represent the three main components of the country identity, in other words, European, African and indigenous. On this court of s pirits enters Simon Bolivar (liberator of Venezuela from Spanish rule) Andrs Bello, total darkness Felipe (First Black, a black slave who was also murdered by the colonists), Negra Matea (Bolvars nanny), Jose Gregorio Hernandez and other Catholic saints.The cult of Maria Lionza is not a religion guided or hierarchical the shaman or mediums simply ask questions to the believers about their families, problems, disputes, financial problems, or medical problems. Sometimes people who seek help and have a relative in jail, seek help from Juan Vicente Gomez, those political questions do through Simon Bolivar. Believers generally have a high intensity of spiritual devotion, and made a pilgrimage to Sorte throne (near Chivacoa in Yaracuy State) with the belief that the goddess will solve the situation or mishap.Believers choose a corner in the woods or a bend in the river to build an altar from which invoke, this is called portals. Usually is decorated with photographs, figures and figurin es, glasses with rum or brandy, cigars, cigarettes cross, flowers and fruits.There are several versions of this legend. One of them says that a green-eye Indian woman called Yara was baptize as Maria del Prado of Talavera de Niva. The Cacique Yaracuy sent her to the mountains where it is said she rode on an ounce (leopardus pardali). So Mary was called the Onza and then Maria Lionza. It is believed that her cult was born of devotion to the forces of nature and the spirits of the rivers, jungles and caves.Maria Lionza is part of a trinity along with Guaicaipuro, an Indian chief murdered by the Spanish colonists, and Negro Felipe. These three saints are the prima(p) figures of the cult and lead several courts of lesser deities. These courts areThe Indian Court led by Mara Lionza and composed of many Venezuelan Indian chiefs.The Medical Court led by Jos Gregorio Hernndez and composed of many other famous doctors.The Court of the Juans made up by a number of figures be to Venezuelan folklore.The Teachers Court led by Andrs Bello and some other authors.The Black and African Court, led by popular black figures of Venezuelan biography such as La Negra Matea (who was a slave to the Bolivars and nanny of Simn Bolvar), and El Negro Primero (Pedro Camejo) who was k straight offn as Negro Primero because he was black and also among the first to go into combat.The Celestial Court composed of a number of Catholic saints.The Political Court, which includes Simn Bolvar.The Court of Malandros, made up of deceased criminals.The Viking Court, with assorted of the important Viking chiefs.Maria Lionza has had a great social and cultural significance that transcends their followers. Her cult was unveiled outside Yaracuy to the 50s of last century, when in 1953 during the tenure of General Marcos Prez Jimnez, the sculptor Alexander Hill (1901-1953) built the famous sculpture of Maria Lionza on a Tapir, (Tapirus terrestris), which has been for over 50 years on the Eastern super highway in Caracas. On this cult nothing is written, is transmitted orally from generation to generation (cited in http//www.rnw.nl/espanol/video/cultos-populares-venezuela-adoraci%C3%B3n-de-mar%C3%ADa-lionza., 2021).Most relevant Churches and cults in VenezuelaAmong religious organizations and cults largest in the country are(source Directorate of Religious Affairs of the Ministry of Justice in Venezuela,1989).1. Protestant or Evangelical After the Diet of Speyer* or Diet of Spires hold out in 1529, there was no intention of proselytizing in Latin America, neither to the evangelizing mission. The main interest was focused only on the Reformation, which resulted that Protestantism could not take root in Latin America until the mid-nineteenth century with little success. However, over the years the indicators have changed, even the statistics of late twentieth century are really growing not only in terms of evangelical denominations but also on other spiritualistic denominations. T hey are grouped into the followinga. Anglicanism.b. Presbyterian Churchc. Lutheran Church.d. Baptists.e. New Tribes Mission.*Diet of Speyer or Diet of Spires refers to any of the sessions of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire, of which 50 took place between 838 and 1570 in the city of Speyer (Spires), now in Germany. The most famous sessions occurred in 1526 and 1529 (Wikipedia 2011).2. Confederate Evangelicals Religious currents coming from the United States and has Christian connotations.3. The Pentecostals They represent a rapidly growing movement with unique characteristics. This religious movement is marked by Methodism and the American Baptists. Pentecostals came to Venezuela in 1940, and its founder the Rev. Irvin Olson, an American Baptist who chose Barquisimeto as pilot center to establish the first Assembly of God in Venezuela. Then extend his work to Caracas the capital city and Falcon.4. Pseudo Christian religion or Millennialists These religions tend to grow eas ily. They have in common that their founders made a personal interpretation of the Bible, creating a new dogma around it, which means, to give different meaning to the tradition, followers believe to have the absolute truth (Mangas and Montero, 2001110).In Venezuela there are three organizations The Seventh-day Adventist Church (SDA), Jehovahs Witnesses and Mormons, the latter without registration within the Directorate of Justice and Religion.a. Seventh-day Adventists Church.b. Jehovahs Witnesses.c. Mormons.5. Spiritual Centre Its the Venezuelan significant inclination toward the esoteric, rituals and astral. It is not based on beliefs but on personal needs.This conciliation between the sacred and the profane has its essence in animism and polytheism primitive person Strengthened by the African Christian cult with an apparent institutionalism. The Indians embraced the faith of the Catholic Church, but the survival of their beliefs and their closeness to the African slaves produced that Kind of new beliefs.5.1. The popular indigenous court This tendency is associated to aboriginal elements. For example, the Indian man thought on the power of natural phenomena, on the stones, lakes, rivers, and the acquisition of that supernatural power conceived by their gods. These beliefs were transmitted to subsequent generations and were fed by transcultural elements including Santeria and Spiritualism. There is no hierarchy that identifies these elements on the contemporary fiat. What for the Indian was a deity for the healer now is a means of economic livelihood and it is seen as a company with excellent clientele.5.2. Spiritualists Along with santeria, this is one of the most advanced forms of mysterious beliefs based loosely on spiritualism of Allan Kardec, French teacher and educator. He is known today as the systematizer of Spiritism for which he laid the foundation with the five books of the Spiritist Codification. It is believed that Spiritism entered to our cou ntry under the influence of immigrants from Brazil and Colombia, product of oil fever.There is no hierarchy around which are organized. The chief head leads the worship and is invoking otherworldly beings, becoming the medium and are called to perform miracles, healings, among others of its kind.5.3. Santeria This form of religion is more complex than others. There is a mix of indigenous elements with spiritualist elements, African and Christian origining a semi-organized hybrid. This religion takes the structure of an ancient African tribal religion of the coast of Nigeria, and has three priestly orders the babalaos, the Orishas ministers and priests of a particular deity. African slaves brought this religion and their main centres are in Brazil, Cuba, and Haiti, subsequently gaining followers in Colombia and Venezuela (Gonzalez-Wippler, 198945).The Santeria in Venezuela have made an even greater mixture, they have found an equivalence between the African gods with Catholic saints, so, for example, Chango (god of lightning and thunder) has its analogous on Santa Barbara, Oshun (river goddess) at Nuestra Seora de la Caridad del Cobre (Our Lady of Charity of Copper) and so on, giving a deity character to popular saints like Jose Gregorio Hernandez, Maria Lionza, Negro Felipe, among many others.To the priests formation a kind of tutor is assigned, who is responsible to teach the apprentice all mysteries and then a new priest is ordained. They prepare their ceremonies at sites near rivers or on a mountain as located at Sorte, Yaracuy. Once ordained, the priest is ready to heal, and to remove evils spirits, that acording to them are the ones who tie the private. Constants pilgrimages are made from inside the country to Sorte Mountain. There are transport companies that offer their services to the mountain, plus a large number of ordained priests, commonly called doctors or sorcerers, who organize these trips from their centres. It will be noted that trade (merch andising) around these cults is prosperous (consultations, travel, esoteric products, candles, text, perfumes, etc).5.4. The cult of Maria Lionza The cult of Maria Lionza comes to represent the formation of a Venezuelan indigenous religion with elements of other cultures, in which prevails the origing of the worship of a deity indigenous enriched with Africans religious culture and spiritualism.6. Sects6.1. The Moonies The name usually are repayable to its founder Sun Myung Moon, born in North Korea in 1920. The organization has the official name of Association for the Unification of World Christianity (AUCM) and aims to frame a society based on the seeding of spiritual values and on the driving of the family towards real peace.6.2. Scientology Its founder is the American Lafayette Ron Hubbard (1911-1986), a specialist in 25 professions in which stand out those of the writer of science fiction (65millones of copies sold of the book The Way to Happiness and screenwriter) . The chur ch is considered a company in all aspects. They have a very distinct structure. Its principles are based on the Dianetics which consists of the individual healing itself freeing the enslaved spirit. The procedure to achieve this end is by attending sessions called audition where the individual is subjected to purification by employing a tool called electropsychometer device that detects areas of spiritual distress. This method is progressive. The initiate discards their old beliefs and acquires new rules that he/she must comply according with the measuring of promotions obtained.6.3. Eastern Syncretism Unlike the animadversion generated in Venezuela during a good part of twentieth century the sects, today are accepted and a significant number of Venezuelans profess parallel and simultaneously in their religion some of these beliefs. It is common to hear things like this I am a Catholic but I received the tao or I am a Catholic but I like going to the talks of Buddhist metaphysics. All this is due to the bleakness of the Eastern sects who reconciled Christianity with their religious precepts and the openness of Venezuelan society to allow several beliefs coexist with both.The use of ritual in psychotherapy as a tool for changeThe use of rituals is an effective tool in some patients on the practice of psychotherapy in Venezuela and is often the only way to exchange the patient that his mind can be healed, free from beings, spirits, influences, or spells that threatening the physical and mental health of the person.The ritual was always an issue discussed by anthropologists who have depict the customs and rituals of peoples and communities. Its therapeutic efficacy for change has been described by many clinicians in systemic literature (Ochoa de Alda, 199589).Notably rituals are not heritage of therapists, but procedures of the peoples, families and cultures. An important point is that, in practice as therapists, it should take into account the importance of these phenomena on individuals and families who participate in these traditions (and any other), and knowing these procedures, that are made spontaneously it may arise new ideas for generating alternatives that can be used on a therapeutic context, in order to try to shape up changes that help to get a more adaptive performance, not symptomatic, of families and individuals who, because of their suffering, come to seek therapy. In addition, and of course, as an element well worked, can provide self-coloured information, especially relational.In psychotherapy is considered that a ritual includes a set of actions and / or symbolic interactions more or less structured, they are not restricted only to the completion ceremony, but include the entire process of preparation, the implementation experience and reintegration back to everyday life (Rappaport, 197112).A ritual must be composed of the following elements symbols, open and closed split and the need to be developed in a space an d in a special time (Whiting, 199156). The symbols or symbolic actions are the minimum element would constitute a ritual. The link to the meaning of the symbol that appears is usually a personal construction, family or social. at any rate rituals symbols consist of open separate and closed parts together. The enclosed parts are the parts of unchanging ritual common to all performing the ritual, these parts provide the minimum structure rigid large to reassure strong emotional components, transmit important values and give concrete form to the shares. kinda open parts provide enough flexibility for each of the participants in the ritual hand contribution to personal and idiosyncratic experience. In the rituals with an important cultural root is usually prescribed by tradition the place and time that will be the realization of the ceremony.The symbols or symbolic actions are the minimum element that would constitute a ritual. The link of the symbol regarding to the meaning that ap pears is usually a personal construction, family or social. Besides symbols, the rituals consist of open parts and closed parts that are joined. The closed parts are the parts of unchanging ritual common to everyone who is performing the ritual, these rigid parts provide the minimum structure enough to bring security against strong emotional components, transmit important values and give concrete form to the actions. Instead open parts provide sufficient flexibility for each of the participants in the ritual and the possibility that each one can make his/her contribution according their personal and idiosyncratic experience. The rituals, which have an important cultural root, are usually performed following the tradition, on the place and time specific to the achievement of the ceremony.Type of ritualsRites of passage or transition rituals described in 1909 by A. Van Gennep. These rituals are performed in the transitions experienced by individuals and groups throughout the life cycl e, marking the end of a stage of development and the beginning of a new one. Van Gennep after studying various cultures argues the universality of such rituals.Continuation rites of intensification. Unlike the transition rituals that are usually performed only once in life of every individual, continuity rituals are executed repeatedly, their purpose is to set the pace of life and maintain continuity, normality within each stage of life cycle.Healing rituals This would include the rituals performed to cure, heal and keep out certain diseases.Therapeutic Rituals This includes rituals developed by therapists and used in psychotherapeutic practice, nevertheless psychotherapy may be considered in some cases as a ritual. Haley (1973) considered the treatment that is carried out to treat certain problems and that arise in adolescence (psychosis, behavioural disorders, anorexia) is like an initiation ritual, through which it promotes individuality and necessary emancipation required from t he young, as a way to restore him or her to a normal life cycle.Functions of ritualsOchoa De Alda (199556) explains that the main functions that meet the rituals described in the life of societies, peoples, families and individuals areRituals make life predictable, providing a sense of belonging to the group that affects the sense of identity of individuals that form it. Rituals, does order and regulate the social functioning, confirming the social structure, while promoting an evolution in this with minimal conflicts.Another primary function is the transmission of culture, values and lasting norms. By one hand, it does create a sense of solidarity, cohesion and continuity in groups, and on the other hand, contribute significantly to the creation of the belief systems of a group (Van der Hart, Voogt and Witzum, 198956).The traditional rituals not only channelled social coordination between individuals, families, communities and villages in the here and now, but also between the past , present and future represented by the different generations (Davis, 198767).The rituals of transition, allow go from one stage to other on the life cycle. Its first element of action does that roles, relationships, and world standards are modified during their execution (Davis, 198778). Admitting that any transition is to a greater or lesser extent an imbalance, ritual ceremonies

Should Cell Phones Be Banned In Classrooms English Language Essay

Should Cell Phones Be Banned In Classrooms English lecture Es enounceSome people think that booth telecommunicates should be banned in the classrooms because they think it bother the whole classrooms. They think it is not necessary to pay back them in classrooms.As for those they want the mobile phone phones to be banned in the classrooms. They think that cell phones makes a round of noise in the classrooms. So it is bothering them or even the whole classrooms. Because some cell phones have a loud ringing tone. The phone will rings so loud and thats the time only the people turn to check whos cell phones is that ringing. They want to know what do those people will talked about. That is the time students wont pay attention in classrooms. They superpower think that those people ar talking on the cell phones are taking about something more interesting. So, they might hope for knowing about what theyre say on the cell phones.Students can not keep track of their time. Even in the middle of lecturing or working on their classworks. The students would stop listening to the instructors or teacher or stop on their work and start to answer their cell phones. Sometimes they stop from what theyre doing and start to play games on their cell phones. And they dont mind to concentrate or even pay any attention in their class any more. Its likely cell phones are more to dissolve all of their work and their attention in the classrooms.Even though they know that cell pones are limiting their learning and under backing in classrooms. Because even their vindicate time and they dont think of studying any more. They only think of calling around or talking with their friends or even playing games on their cell phones and never mind about studying. All of their free time are more reserve for them to spend on cell phones. And if they banned the cell phones perchance they turn back to spend the free time for study because they wont have some else to do. Anyway, people are th e key to know what is better for them. besides I think that cell phones are not really important to use in the classrooms. Maybe somewhere else is better and not in class. In other way we might need and it is not to use in the classrooms. Especially, us people in Micronesia we never think of the is better for us to do in order for us to have a mature life in the future. We just think of now and easy things for us function now. Because cell phones are not doing something to us in the classrooms. Although some people think cell phones are important incase of emergency, I think they are too distracting for the whole class, also the school can find students in emergencies.As for me I think thats the good think for it banned the cell phone in the classrooms. Because there is a way to what we need for the cell phones. That is why the cell phone is not good to use in the classrooms. And also good thing to improve our studying.EN 112 Essay Evaluation90 to 100A- to A+Excellent to Very Goo d The essay has a clearly evince thesis. It also shows knowledgeable and thorough development of thesis the support enlarge are relevant, clearly stated, well organized and cohesive sentences show variety, strong wording with minimal grammatical errors, appropriate transitions are used. Format is correct. Very well developed.80-89B- to B+Good The essay has an acceptable thesis. It also shows significant knowledge of proposition but not complete development of thesis the supporting details are mostly relevant and organized but lack details thus roughly interrupting the flow sentences show some variety and good vocabulary some grammatical errors, some use of transitions which are used appropriately put is correct or about correct. Well developed70-79C- to C+Average The essay has a fair thesis which indicates the topic and has an opinion but is somewhat weak. It also shows some knowledge of topic but limited development of thesis some supporting details are relevant main ideas stand out but somewhat choppy and loosely organized sentences could use a little variety several grammatical errors, few transitions and use is not always appropriate format is correct or almost correct. veritable with at least 500 words but should have more details and support.60-69D- to D+Fair to unretentive The essay has a weak thesis. It also shows limited knowledge of topic and inadequate development of thesis a lot of the supporting details are confusing or disconnected limited variety in sentence structure and vocabulary frequent grammatical errors, almost no transitions are used format needs correction. Underdeveloped and may have little than 500 words.0 to 59FVery Poor The essay has no or very weak thesis and does not show knowledge of topic the supporting details are mostly or all irrelevant no organization all simple sentences weak vocabulary dominated by grammatical errors and lacks transitions format needs correction. Underdeveloped with less than 500 words.Overall C omments the format of your essay is not correct. Please read the required format resource on the course web site. You need an preceding paragraph that introduces the issue, and your position shown in the thesis which is at the end of the introduction. This needs a lot of work. You need to have each paragraph correctly pore on what each one is for. A separate one is needed for the opponents argument against your opinion and in this paragraph you refute or concede his argument. at that place are also many grammar errors. This still needs lots of work before it can be considered an essay with a passing grade.ChecklistIntroductionDeveloped well to introduce the issue/problem and thesisThesis statement is a clearly stated arguable positionThesis statement is in proper placeThree/four developmental paragraphs3 or 4 major reasons for position (your support)Organization of support/details (PATTERN 1or 2)Transitions and expressions used decentLogical development of reasons (THEY MAKE SEN SE)Opponents most important reason refuted/conceded OR three opposing reasons refutedRelevancyConclusionRestate thesis and support (reasons) strike action, suggest a solution or predict an outcomeDoes not introduce a new ideaPresentationProper format (LOWERS level IF WRONG)Mechanics (spelling and grammar)Essay is 500 words or more

Affliction :: essays papers

Affliction Affliction, based on the novel by Russell Banks, was truly interesting, mysterious, and kept you guessing up until it was over. The actors/actresses portrayed in the movie was walk Whitehouse (Nick Nolte), wades girlfriend Margie Fogg (Sissy Spacek), Glen Whitehouse (James Coburn), Rolfe Whitehouse (William Defoe), Lillian (Mary Beth Hurt), Jill (Brigid Tierney), and Jack Hewit (Jim True). The movie begins by Rolfe Whitehouse (William Defoe) narrating the movie about a phone call he received from his brother, wade Whitehouse (Nick Nolte), the shadow after Halloween, which was what lead up to Wades mysterious disappearance. Using a narrative approach in the movie was an excellent choice for the plot. It make you feel as if something was going to take place in this town, but no clues were given. In the movie Defoe not only does the narration, but also plays Wades (Nick Nolte) brother. Defoes reference point grows up, moves away and becomes a schoolteacher. This was something different for Defoe, but by using a quite and soft-spoken tone it made his character fit smoothly into the plot. Flashing back to the night of Halloween. Wade is driving Jill his daughter (Bridgid Tierney) to her ex-schools Halloween festival. It is obvious Jill does not want to be there. She feels that her father is very confused and mixed-up. After Wade and Jill get into an argument, Jill calls her mom to come get her. When Lillian (Mary Beth Hurt) Wades ex-wife arrives, it is obvious that Wade doesnt want Lillian (Mary Beth Hurt) to have detention of Jill. Which caused him to seek lawyer for custody of Jill. During the movie Wade Whitehouse states his love for his daughter many times. It would have helped to have flashback scenes, to feel Wades emotions and urging to be a good father. The setting takes place during the winter in a small town in upstate New Hampshire. The director made a good move by using the effect of winter and snow, which contributed to the character of Wade Whitehouse. The gloominess in the midst of winter made Wades depression, loneliness, and uncertainty about his life come together. Although, you would of thought that Jack Nicholson would of played in this type of movie, but Nick Nolte came through did his self-justice by portraying Wade Whitehouse in the movie.

Shakespear In Love :: essays research papers

SHAKESPEARE IN LOVEShakespeare in love is a story of two lovers who are unable to be togetherbecause Shakespeare is a adjoiner and they woman is a woman or royalty. The movie startswith Shakespeare writing a comedy play for a man. But this play was soon to be changedto a love story. Shakespeare was listening to people try out for the part in his play whenall of the people finish he thinks all is lost but, a young male child comes on the stage and recitesa line that catches Shakespeares ear. The boy runs off and William follows. He followsthe young boy to a castle and goes in and sees a girl. He falls in love with her at firstsight. but the man who is to marry the young woman lettuce William and threatens to killhim. The man asks for Williams mane and he gives him the name of another playwriter. the man kicks Shakespeare out of the castle where he goes to the window of viola wherehe talks to her. and so the next day the young boy who William followed continued tocome to play rehe arsals . The play Shakespeare was working on was to become themodern play of Romeo and Juliet. the rehearsals go on while Shakespeare thinks theyoung boy is the nephew of the nurse of viola but on a boat ride back to the castleShakespeare finds out that the young boy is but the viola who he has fell in love with. Shakespeare follows her and this is where he sleeps with her. Then for the rest of therehearsals the two are both knowing that they are in love. But, viola is to be married to arich man who has permission of the queen to marry her. Viola is heart broken but, shegoes on with the play. The two coiffe the play Romeo and Juliet from their own loveexperiences together. But the man who is to marry viola finds out that Shakespeare issleeping with viola and is enraged. But, the players have found out that the stage has been shut down by the rebels due to the fact that a woman was in their play. But another manoffers to the players that they can use his stage to put on the play. Th e man to marry violahas made a wager with the queen in that she states that no play can tell the story of truelove.